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Key Topics
Requirement
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network: Current Challenges, and Future Perspective
Chapter: Vehicle to Vehicle
Solution
2.1 System Model:
Vehicle to vehicle (“V2V”) represents the automobile technology which has been designed for allowing the automobiles in talking / communicating with one other [1] [2] [3]. This V2V communications essentially forms the wireless form of ad hoc networks across the road. These networks in addition, as described earlier, can stated as the VANET [1] [2] [3]. This system shall employ the region equivalent to 5.9 GHz bands set aside from Congress of United States, representing unlicensed form of frequency that is in addition employed for WiFi [1] [2] [3]. The V2V standards used in United States and widely referred as Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environments(“WAVE "), essentially builds over the existing lower level standard of IEEE 802.11p starting much earlier from the year 2004 [1] [2] [3].
The rapid form of development with respect to technologies concerning wireless communication, sensors, as well as location, V2V communications represent the decentralized or else semi-centralized forms of architecture that are designed and developed with support from varied stakeholders like automobile manufacturers, telecom companies, research / academic community, etc. These forms of architecture shall rely over the autonomous as well as distributed form of system as well as are made up by way of vehicles in themselves lacking any of the support with respect to fixed form of infrastructure concerning the data routing.
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The most integral element pertaining to the intelligent / smart form of transport systems, V2V essentially combines the following set of approaches as well as technologies –
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• Sensing as well as closet form of environment perceptions: By way of employing varied set of sensors pertaining to pollution levels, current state of vehicle, overall state of the transport medium, that is, road, weather related conditions, etc., as well as cameras, driver in charge possess certain levels of concerned information as well as effective visibility within the vehicle, thereby enabling the driver in reacting on an appropriate manner towards changes with respect to the immediate and the relevant environment [1] [2] [3].
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• Processing: By way of the large levels of processing capacities available on board, the present day vehicles are evidently intelligent as well as possess the suitable set of capabilities to process the information collected for the purposes which shall aid the driver in charge for making the suitable decisions specifically with respect to systems of driver assistance [1] [2] [3].
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• Storage: large capacities of storage space shall be required with respect to the vehicular communications as well as affiliated intelligence for the purposes of storing varied classes as well as varied types of related information. The data structures shall be suitably updated by way of decisions as well as events in terms of concerned communication system. It has to be noted herein that with respect to network for vehicles, storage space as well as energy shall be available to the sufficient extent [1] [2] [3].
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• Routing & communication: In terms of exchange of information as well as diffusion with respect to vehicular network in itself or else amongst the other networks like for example cellular or else IP is key for V2V [1] [2] [3]. The same paves way for increasing the overall precaution perimeter by the aid of the extended perceptions concerning the relevant environment as well as consequently giving much more correct predictions with respect to the driving problems [1] [2] [3].
These varied set of technologies, tools, processes, etc. are all present across all of the environments wherein the V2V technology could be suitably applied. Irrespective of the same, dependence with respect to application sectors, concerned environment as well as the characteristics of environment could vary in terms of being at tunnels, urban spaces, semi-urban spaces, rural and free spaces [1] [2] [3]. The properties concerning wireless communication, radio range as well as capacity could in addition be suitably contrasted. With respect to the perspective of architecture the inter vehicle form of communication systems could either be purely ad hoc form of vehicle to vehicle communication, or else the hybrid form that makes use of the gateways towards the other set of services as well as networks [1] [2] [3].
2.2 security and privacy:
The Inter Controller Area Networks (“ICAN”) refers to the network protocol which has been designed to the primary extent for environments pertaining to vehicle networking. The CAN controller shall act in being mediator for alleviating the affiliated node processor in over-working by itself from higher speeds of the message transfers [4]. In case of CAN, disputes amongst the messages shall be determined in the basis of bit by bit with respect to non-destructive for of arbitration and the same lead to highest form of priority messages gaining accessibility towards the bus. A CAN protocol effectively supports 2,032 varied messages each up till 8 bytes size for data. Unlike various protocols for serial communication CAN form of message data comprise none of the information affiliated with respect to destination addresses [4]. This message comprises one identifier that indicates specific information type which is actually contained within [4].
The said feature paves way for a convenient form of deletion / addition of relevant intelligent nodes within the automotive systems. In addition, each of the nodes shall decide concerning reading or else ignoring the specific CAN message. Any of the messages may be broadcasted across multiple set of nodes by way of utilizing the specific CAN protocol [4]. Most of the products have been designed for stopping good people in unintentionally doing anything bad. The same has resulted in situations within which the security of a product shall at times be afterthought leading to frequent re-designs. The undertaking of security decisions at the earliest possible time within the relevant design phase shall make it much easier for avoiding costlier re-designs which shall be difficult in both management as well as implementation [4].
Whilst the requirement for an advanced form of telematics systems continue in driving the interests of consumers, manufacturers of automobiles are pressured equally in providing workable form of systems which can effectively guarantee prevention of unauthorized form of entries by hackers as well as various cryptology experts [4] [5] [6].
The various forms of challenges were never area of concern during the earlier times on account of gaps with respect to technology as well as electrical knowledge, yet on account of sudden advancements within IT, as well as the abilities for developing ad-hoc form of interfaces by way of hardware / software that are easily accessible, developers have been overwhelmed suddenly with the concerns that are fueled on account of increased levels of knowledge / capabilities with even an average hacker [4] [5] [6].
The various concerns / challenges are discussed as follows –
Privacy
The Personally Identifiable Information (“PII”) refers to any of the information akin to the name of the person as well as phone number which could be utilized for distinguishing or else tracing the identity of an individual [4] [5] [6]. Information which could be linked with the individual like that of music, favorite shops, locations, etc. shall in addition be classified to be PII. In case of devices that utilize PII, recommended form of security approach lies in initially considering all of the information to be private as well as develop ability for being associated to the person or else the individual level object as well as for later justifying why any of the data that is considered to be not private [4] [5] [6]. Hence, PII should at all times be effectively secured, yet considered that the secured do not essentially mean to be disclosed. The PII could be disclosed and yet solely by way of the consent and the knowledge of the individual [4] [5] [6].
Other Security Issues
Any of the devices which shall connect with the external sources irrespective of it being untrusted or else trusted form of sources shall have the inherent form of security threats which shall b required in being suitably mitigated. Many of the threats of this form shall not be devices which are specific and yet shall be effectively specific to communications [4] [5] [6]. Hence, whenever one reviews the security aspects with respect to the systems of communications, extreme form of care need be undertaken for not making any of the assumptions with respect to anything [4] [5] [6]. Many of the systems as well as protocols with respect to communications have been designed as well as developed prior to the securing of design related techniques that existed. It has to be noted these set of practices have been developed on account of absence concerning security within design as well as development. In addition, the adding of security across the later date usually does not lead to the enhancement of security concerning the system [4] [5] [6]. As per the same, it shall be easier for understanding why the systems of communications pose highest levels of security threats with respect to systems.
chapter: Vehicle to Road-side:
3.1 system model:
In essence, Vehicle to Infrastructure (“V2I”) interactions similar to that of V2V are based upon technologies of wireless communication [7] [8] [9]. This V2I communication which is also referred as V2X represents in addition the topic which is widely studies across United States. In this context, the key safety goals related to traffic of these systems are well documented under the various government function sponsored programs [7] [8] [9]. V2I represents the wireless form of exchange concerning critical safety as well as the operational data amongst the vehicles and also the highway infrastructure, aim predominantly for mitigating or else avoiding the motor vehicle related accidents and yet in addition shall enable wide ranging set of various benefits concerning environmental, mobility, and safety related factors [7] [8] [9]. The V2I communications shall apply towards all of the vehicle types as well as across all of the roads, and also transform the infrastructure related equipment to that of “smart infrastructure”. These shall incorporate algorithms which employ data exchanged amongst vehicles as well as elements of infrastructure for performing the calculations which recognize situations that are of higher risk proactively leading to driver alerts as well as warnings by way of specific actions. The one specific key advantage lies with respect to abilities for the traffic signal related systems in communicating signal phase & timing (“SPAT”) information towards the vehicle for supporting the delivering of active form of safety advisories as well as warnings for the drivers [7] [8] [9].
Several of the V2I architectures could be noted across the varied studies being undertaken. Yet in general all of the systems comprise same set of basic critical components, with respect to which of the general framework could be suitably defined. The architecture framework shall comprise the following basic components [7] [8] [9].
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• Vehicle On Board Units / Equipment (“OBU” or “OBE”): These represent the vehicle side components with respect to V2I system. These are almost similar in functionality to its V2V counterpart [7] [8] [9].
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• Roadside Unit / Equipment (“RSU” or “RSE”): These shall be mounted across the intersections, interchanges, as well as other locations like petrol stations offering an interface for vehicles within the range [7] [8] [9].
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• Safer Communication Channel [7] [8] [9].
3.2 security and privacy:
Securing a vehicle against that of external attacks such that this vehicle shall not be remotely hijacked represents highly realistic and possible threat [10] [11]. Naturally the shall be highly important form of challenge in being addressed. The same shall be challenging especially with respect to driver-less or else autonomous vehicles, on account of the design concerning the vehicle necessitates to undertake navigation by itself by way of controlling its steering as well as control systems in the vehicle [10] [11]. In essence, the brains pertaining to this vehicle or else as it is known, OBU shall control movement pertaining to vehicle as well as this OBU shall be connected with public internet as well as vehicular cloud. Hence, securing control systems pertaining to vehicle shall be the primary thing which needs to be undertaken and the same is solely possible by way of very strong / robust form of security systems being in place for securing the vehicles against the cyber-attacks [10] [11].
The information which are collected by using the sensors of the car have to be suitably protected as well as need to be solely used post making the same anonymous [10] [11]. The challenge concerns the fact that one’s car need to warn one in case one is going beyond the speed limit and yet should never turn against oneself, that is, by reporting to authorities that the driver went beyond prescribed speed limits [10] [11]. Although, there shall be various instances wherein the sharing of the location information amongst certain service providers may actually be advantageous for an user like for example in case of insurance companies trying to offer reduction with respect to insurance premiums in case such details shall be shared. There shall be similar set of incentives by way of other set of service providers in using the sensor data of vehicle as return for certain reward which could in actual encourage the participation from concerned users [10] [11].
During the time when powering on any of the embedded systems, the Boot loader shall be invoked in a direct manner from the memory. The affiliated security issues with respect to update process of boot loader are as follows –
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• The update process which could be utilized for downgrading as well as upgrading any of the components, that is, installation of the v1.2 code across v1.3 components already installed, can be utilized by the user for installing the component that is less secure, making this device much easier for being exploited [10] [11].
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• This update process could be utilized for updating Boot loader in itself [10] [11].
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• In case, any of the part pertaining to update fails, said update shall leave device in becoming malfunctioning or else vulnerable [10] [11].
Update process shall keep the log for features in being updated as well as configuration related changes. This update process shall modify the user data.
It shall be clearly evident by way of discussions presented that security as well as privacy related challenges with respect to vehicular internet seem to be significant [10] [11]. The overall risks which are affiliated with adoption of concerned technologies affiliated with the VANETs shall be suitably weighed against that of benefits which they offer. Although, the overall benefits seem to clearly outweigh risks as well as the same shall be what users may consider while adopting the technologies [10] [11]. The overall privacy shall be significant for the concerned user and yet o the probable extent not across all of the case as well as not with respect to everyone. In addition, the overall incentives shall decide if the users are voluntarily sharing respective data or else share the same post making them anonymous [10] [11]. The autonomous forms of cars are turning out to be reality and there are no doubts on them becoming a commonplace over the years. A connected vehicle shall be norm soon and it is highly critical that suitable steps are to be undertaken for minimizing the security as well as privacy related issues affiliated with the same prior to the launch [10] [11].
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