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Question 1
Define the followings:
a. Cell body
b. Afferent fiber
c. Efferent fiber
d. Nuclei
e. Ganglion
f. Gray matter
g. White matter
h. Action potential
Answer:
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a. Cell body: The cell body (soma) is the processing moiety of the neuron. It delivers every one of the proteins for the dendrites, axons, and synaptic terminals. The soma contains organelles including, the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to give vitality and make the parts, and in addition a creation line to collect the parts into finished items
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b. Afferent fiber are the neurons that send the information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) to the central nervous system
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c. Efferent fiber are the neurons that send the information away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands
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d. Nuclei: The nucleus is the archivist and the architect of the cell, contains the genes, consisting of DNA and the necessary information to manufacture all the proteins characteristic of that cell.
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e. Ganglion: A structure containing numerous nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.
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f. Gray matter: The darker tissue of the mind and spinal line, comprising basically of nerve cell bodies and expanding dendrites.
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g. White matter: The paler tissue of the mind and spinal line, comprising basically of nerve strands with their myelin sheaths.
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h. Action potential: The change in electrical potential connected with the entry of an impulse along the layer of a muscle or nerve cell.
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Question 2
Write a note on glial cells.
Answer:
The CNS contains neuroglia cells, which provide a variety of services for the neurons (e.g., support and defense). These cells do not perform reception or conduct or transmit nerve impulses. One type makes a material called myelin, which forms a coating on CNS axons. The myelin coating on an axon resembles beads on a string. It causes impulses to travel faster by making them jump along the neuron. The myelin is a white region and is present in brain and spinal cord. The areas of the CNS that do not have myelin possess the pinkish gray color of plain neurons; these regions constitute the gray matter. The gray matter is important because it contains the synapses. All the complicated nervous system functions, including coordination, remembering, and thinking, require these synapses.
Question 3
Explain the structure and functions of basal nuclei (ganglia).
Answer:
The basal ganglia comprises of two structures, the caudate core and the lenticular core. The caudate core is limited on one side by the parallel ventricle and is isolated into a head, body and tail (Fig-1). The lenticular core is a lens-molded structure that has two segments (i) the globus pallidus and (ii) the putamen.
Fig-1: Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are an essential part of the extrapyramidal tract responsible for a natural and spontaneous action.
The following are the functions of basal ganglia
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o Motor functions: It enables the neuron to initiate the voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex and elsewhere in the motor hierarchy
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o Cognitive functions: Possess some cortical loops in prefrontal association cortex and limbic cortex for the regulation of cognitive functions.
Question 4
Explain the organization of nervous system.
Answer:
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o The nervous system has two main divisions including (i) The central nervous system (CNS) and (ii) The peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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o The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
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o The PNS includes the sensory and motor nerves and connects the central nervous system with the muscles and glands. The PNS acts as ‘actor’ or ‘performer’ in the body.
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o The PNS further divides into sensory and motor nerves.
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o The motor nerves is of two types (i) somatic and (ii) autonomic nervous system
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o The ANS consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Question 5
Explain various steps of knee-jerk reflex.
Answer:
The following are the steps of knee reflex
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o Tap on patellar ligament energized nerve endings of muscle axle in quadriceps femoris
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o Stretch signals travel to spinal chords via primary afferent fiber and dorsal root
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o The primary afferent neuron stimulates alpha motor neuron in spinal chord
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o The efferent signals in alpha motor nerve fiber stimulate quadriceps to contract, producing knee-jerk
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o At the same time, a branch of the afferent nerve fiber stimulates inhibitory motor neuron in spinal chord
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o The neuron inhibits alpha motor neuron that supplies hamstring muscles
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o Hamstring contraction is inhibited so hamstrings (knee flexors) do not antagonize quadriceps ( knee extensor)
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Place Your OrderQuestion 6
How many types of cells are present in the nervous system?
Answer:
There are three types of nerve cells present in nervous system
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o Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) that exchange the data from the outer environment to the CNS
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o Motor neurons (efferent neurons) exchange data from the CNS to outer environment
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o Interneurons, or affiliation neurons, process data in the CNS and exchanges the data from one neuron to the next inside of the CNS
Question 7
What is the structural difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?
Answer:
Sympathetic ganglia: The ganglia convey data to the body about anxiety and looming risk, and are in charge of the well-known battle or-flight reaction.
Parasympathetic ganglia: The ganglia are terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, lie close or inside (separately) the organs, they innervate.
References
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John, E.H (2015) Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13e (Guyton Physiology)
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