Linux Implementation Proposal

Ubuntu is a computer operating system based on Debian architecture. Ubuntu is a Linux distribution which is usually run on a personal computer. The operating system of Ubuntu runs on the architectures which are very popular such as Intel, ARM, and AMD based machines. This operating system is also available for smartphones and tablets with the Ubuntu Touch edition (Lowe et al., 2015). Canonical Ltd Publishes Ubuntu and also offers commercial support to the operating system. Ubuntu is one of the most famous operating systems which runs in hosted environments called as "clouds," and it is also one of the most famous servers Linux Distribution (Lowe et al., 2015).

Ubuntu is one of the best distributions of Linux for the desktop. Ubuntu comes with a package that contains the most software which is commonly required for office, web browser email client, etc. Also, the Ubuntu comes with the open source product, so that for installing software they don’t require any licenses (Soe et al., 2014). On the other hand, if they chose Windows XP operating system for their hardware then they required to install office applications, web browser and another day to day used applications. But in case of Ubuntu, there is a wide range of hardware support and also more capability in comparison with windows operating system.  
Minimum system requirement for Ubuntu is given below: (Dawson et al., 2016)

Processor	2 GHz dual-core processor
RAM	2 GB
HDD Space	25 GB
Display	VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution

Their current XP system configuration:

Operating System	Windows XP	Windows 7
Processor	Intel Core 2	Intel Core i3 Second Generation
Memory	2GB RAM	4GB RAM
Hard Drive	80GB	350GB
Network Card	10/100 Mbps	10/100/1000 Mbps
USB Ports	4 USB 2.0	4 USB 2.0
Monitor	15inch LCD	20inch LCD

By comparing above configuring it can be concluded that there are no hardware changes required to install Linux (Ubuntu) operating system.

Migration process of the Operating system is very critical as they need to keep the old data of user available in the new Operating system. In this case, the old operating system is on Windows platform with version XP & 7 while the new platform is Linux with version Ubuntu. As both the platforms are different, it has made this task difficult (Tan et al., 2015).
To address this issue, they need to take a back-up of the old user data from windows machines into the separate storage device, and then they need to transfer the same data into the Linux Ubuntu systems once Ubuntu is installed. Here, they will use the external hard drive to accomplish the user data migrations.
There could be different kind of user data which need to be migrated like. Normal Office files, Email conversations & important web bookmarks (Tan et al., 2015).
Normal files can be directly copied to the Portable external hard drive. While for emails and bookmark backups they need to follow specific procedures.
Backup of email conversations:
Apart from normal office files, other important data of user could be Email conversations. For migration of the user email data, they need to export the emails from email client into the email files (Gyunka et al., 2017).
Backup of bookmarks data:
To back up the bookmark data first user needs to go to the browser and export the bookmarks as .html document (Hanif et al., 2015). They have identified the procedure for Google Chrome and Firefox Mozilla browser, which is mentioned below.
For Firefox Mozilla:
Go to “Bookmark” options > Select “Show all Bookmarks” > Choose “Import & Backup” > Click on “Export Bookmark to HTML”.
In above case, it will ask to choose a location to save these bookmarks. Save the "bookmarks.html" file on to the External Hard drive. They will be able to import these bookmarks.html files into the browser of our choice onto the Linux platform

To install Linux Ubuntu, they required at least 25 GB hard disk space and 2 GB of computer ram. To install Ubuntu, they required creating bootable media like bootable pen drive / USB stick or bootable CD/DVD. They can download Ubuntu from https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop where they need select Ubuntu 16.04.3 for download which is the latest version. Once the Ubuntu is downloaded, they will use a tool like YUMI https://www.pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/ which allow them to create a bootable USB stick for Ubuntu (Babol et al., 2017).
There is one more option for bootable media, and that is to create bootable CD/DVD for Ubuntu, for the same they can use a software tool like Nero https://www.nero.com/ena/?vlang=us.
Once the bootable media is ready with Ubuntu image they will insert the same into the Windows XP or 7 systems and restart the system, they need to access the BIOS menu with the appropriate option selection in BIOS menu and restarting the system and this will give them Install option where they need to choose "erase everything and install Ubuntu" option. All other options henceforward will be "Do as direct" type following the procedure they will be able to replace the Windows XP / seven platforms to Linux Ubuntu Platform (Babol et al., 2017). During the installation process, it will ask to set the username and Password details, which will be used to login into the system once the Ubuntu is installed.

They need to type the username and password to local login in Ubuntu Linux machine. But in this scenario, they have Microsoft windows server 2012 having an active directory configured so to login via server they required install package called “likewise-open-gui."

To install “likewise-open-gui” go to the software center in Ubuntu and search for likewise-open-gui and install it (Lowe et al., 2017). After installing likewise search in the dashboard for likewise and open "active directory domain” application in Ubuntu and provide the appropriate domain name, e.g., domain.com and proper username and password which is created in server 2012. (here we are assuming that DHCP server is providing proper IP address and DNS setting to our Ubuntu system). After successful configuration of likewise logoff from the Ubuntu machine and login with account credentials (Lowe et al., 2017).

To configure system’s IP address, we need to set up a DHCP server in server 2012 system. To configure DHCP server in server 2012 they need to provide static IP address to server system than they need to install role for DHCP server to do that go to server manager>manage>add role> select DHCP server from the list and install the DHCP server role in server 2012 (Peter et al., 2016). After installation of the server role they need to configure the scope of IP address, and then they will act that scope and DHCP server will work and provide the IP address, Subnet Mask, Default gateway and all other required details to DHCP clients into the network. When a client or any machine connects to LAN segment, it will follow the DORA process, and it will ask for the IP address to DHCP server if the host is set for automatic IP address configuration. Then the client will receive an IP address DNS and default gateway form the DHCP server (Peter et al., 2016).

The can configure DHCP server to provide DNS information to the client machine. So whenever client request to any domain.com (domain name) the request will go to the DNS server of server 2012 machine, and it will find the IP address of queried domain name (domain.com), and it will provide the IP address of domain to client so that client can communicate with that IP address (Harris, 2015).

To access the files which are shared by Windows server or other windows machine, they can use Ubuntu’s network option to access file or folder form the shared windows machine (Rich et al., 2015). They need to go to the places and then click on the network they will find the all the machine that have sharing enabled. To access the shared files from the server go to places than click on "connect to server" than provide appropriate information like service type windows share , username , password and domain name and then click on connect and then need to provide the domain’s username and password and we can access the shared files (Rich et al., 2015).

To share files within the group server administrator, need to change the permission of the folder. For instance, they have ten users in department one then they will create the group of 10 users and name the group 1. After that in folder permission they will remove everyone else and add only two entries 1st administrator, and the 2nd one is group 1. So this folder is shared, but this folder can be accessed by the user which are in group 1 only other user are not able to access that folder so they can use folder permission and group to access the restriction of shared folder and resources (Lowe et al., 2017). This allows them to share files securely with group users.

For this particular case, assuming that some printers are connected with Ubuntu, and some printer is connected with a windows machine, so first of all, we have to understand that Linux uses UNIX protocol for printing and windows uses SMB protocol for printing and sharing (Van, 2008). So, both platforms have a different protocol. This could be an issue. To solve this issue, they need to configure samba server or SMB protocol in Ubuntu machine. Here they have server 2012 machine having print server configure. To work with printer server, they need to add the printer in server 2012 machine from Ubuntu machine. To do that they should install samba server in Ubuntu system “sudo apt install samba” After that, they need to configure the security by /etc/samba/smb.conf file editing. Then they need to say yes to browsable and guest printer. After that, they will restart the samba server by “sudo system ctl restart smbd. Service nmdb. Service” This is basic step required to share the printer to a windows machine. Then they will be able to share the printer by following steps
Go to system>administration>printing then they will find the printer that they have added earlier then go to server>setting and click on the option "Publish shared printers connected to this system” (Van, 2008). After that, they will restart the SMB services, and they will be able to add the printer on the server. To add the printer in the server, they will open server manage > manage> printer server, and they will click on add printer and provide an appropriate credential to add a printer, and they can control the printing form server.

In windows system, they can encrypt the data with EFS, and for Ubuntu, they have Luks to encrypt the partition, and they can secure the data. So if they want to access the encrypted partition of Ubuntu (encrypted with LUKS), then they can use LibreCrypt tool to decrypt the data of Ubuntu in the windows 7 and server machine (Goyal et al., 2006). If they encrypt a folder in windows that it will be encrypted with EFS, then it can decrypt by using the RSA private key by matching the public key. So it is not possible to share that files in Ubuntu as the public key is not shared between the windows Ubuntu machines (Goyal et al., 2006).

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