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Key Topics
- Define “communications network” and discuss such a network’s component parts. Relate these networks to general systems theory.
- Describe and discuss the importance of communications networking standards.
- What does the 802.3 standard describe? How long was a bit in the original 802.3 standard in meters? Use a transmission speed of 10 Mbps and assume the propagation speed in coax is 2/3 the speed of light in a vacuum. (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all your work.
- (5 points) A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers? (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all your work.
Using your Text, notes, and other appropriate materials, perform tasks worth a potentially maximum
total of 25 points.
total of 25 points.
1. (10 points) Define “communications network” and discuss such a network’s component parts.
Relate these networks to general systems theory.
2. (7.5 points) The speed of digital signals through various communications media is limited by the
laws of physics. Discuss some of the methods used to increase the throughput of
communications channels.
3. (7.5 points) Describe and discuss the importance of communications networking standards.
4. (7.5 points) Define and compare the OSI and TCP/IP network reference models. How are these
models related to networking communications standards?
5. (7.5 points) What does the 802.3 standard describe? How long was a bit in the original 802.3
standard in meters? Use a transmission speed of 10 Mbps and assume the propagation speed in
coax is 2/3 the speed of light in a vacuum. (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and
explain all your work.
6. (5 points) A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length
M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network
bandwidth is filled with headers? (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all
your work.
Relate these networks to general systems theory.
2. (7.5 points) The speed of digital signals through various communications media is limited by the
laws of physics. Discuss some of the methods used to increase the throughput of
communications channels.
3. (7.5 points) Describe and discuss the importance of communications networking standards.
4. (7.5 points) Define and compare the OSI and TCP/IP network reference models. How are these
models related to networking communications standards?
5. (7.5 points) What does the 802.3 standard describe? How long was a bit in the original 802.3
standard in meters? Use a transmission speed of 10 Mbps and assume the propagation speed in
coax is 2/3 the speed of light in a vacuum. (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and
explain all your work.
6. (5 points) A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length
M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network
bandwidth is filled with headers? (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all
your work.
Define “communications network” and discuss such a network’s component parts. Relate these networks to general systems theory.
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Place Your OrderAnswer: the communication network can be defined as an inter-connection of the devices in which multiple devices which are connected to each other through the network send or receive messages to or from each other. Its components are client, server and the connection media. The server is the one which provides responses to the client queries and the client is the machine from which the query is sent. For example a local computer is client and Google acts as a server to answer the questions. The connection media are the wires and devices like router, ISP etc. through which the message travels from client to the server. All these together form a communication network. The network can be at a small scale like a LAN or even at a global network like World Wide Web which is the interconnection of the smaller networks, which form a larger network at the global level. The servers may be present anywhere in the network and the message is sent to them for via the connection media and then the servers responses back which are again sent back via connection media. In simple language we call then source and destination devices. These devices send message to the communication network, which follows certain rules to send the message through layer by layer of the network and then to the destination device. Same process is followed when message travels back from destination to the source. The network has multiple communication layers and different devices work on different layers.
The speed of digital signals through various communications media is limited by the laws of physics. Discuss some of the methods used to increase the throughput of communications channels.
Answer:
Answer:
Describe and discuss the importance of communications networking standards.
Answer: as the word standard describes a set of rules of guidelines, the same way communications networking standards are certain rules and guidelines that have designed for the network and device that run on it. They are important because when the messages travel from different layers of the network from one network to the other, and from one device to the other, it is necessary for it to follow certain rules so that the message is correctly delivered. Thus all layers work together following these standards all together. As we see that technology is changing, thus to keep up with it, the network is required to follow these standards. For example to send an image to receive one, http standard must be followed.
Define and compare the OSI and TCP/IP network reference models. How are these models related to networking communications standards?
Answer: OSI and TCP/IP are both different models that have been designed for communication over the network. They have a framework in which certain rules have been defined for the device communication and access over the different layers through which the data travels. These are used in network communication standard because they provide layered architecture and rules for data transfer from one layer to the other. On these network layers defined in them, the network standards applied. In simple words we can say that, since the data is sent via devices and devices have to follow certain standards and the devices work on different layers of the model, hence they are connected to the networking standards.
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
It has a framework which follows a protocol independent standard. TCP/IP model framework is based on standard protocols. These are the protocols on which Internet has developed
It’s like a communication gateway between the network and end user. It rather acts as a communication protocol
The delivery of packets is done and guaranteed by transport layer. The transport layer does not guarantees the packet delivery but is still considered reliable
It has a separate Presentation layer and Session layer. No separate Presentation layer or Session layer.
Network layer provides both connection oriented service usually but can also provide connectionless service. Network layer provides connectionless service.
There is a problem related to fitting the protocols in to the layers Since based on protocols, hence no such problem.
Protocols can be easily replaced with the technological changes. Replacement of the protocol is not easy.
Services, interfaces and protocols are defined clearly and are distinct to each other. Services, interfaces and protocols are not separate due to protocol dependence.
It is made up of 7 layers It is made up of 4 layers
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
It has a framework which follows a protocol independent standard. TCP/IP model framework is based on standard protocols. These are the protocols on which Internet has developed
It’s like a communication gateway between the network and end user. It rather acts as a communication protocol
The delivery of packets is done and guaranteed by transport layer. The transport layer does not guarantees the packet delivery but is still considered reliable
It has a separate Presentation layer and Session layer. No separate Presentation layer or Session layer.
Network layer provides both connection oriented service usually but can also provide connectionless service. Network layer provides connectionless service.
There is a problem related to fitting the protocols in to the layers Since based on protocols, hence no such problem.
Protocols can be easily replaced with the technological changes. Replacement of the protocol is not easy.
Services, interfaces and protocols are defined clearly and are distinct to each other. Services, interfaces and protocols are not separate due to protocol dependence.
It is made up of 7 layers It is made up of 4 layers
What does the 802.3 standard describe? How long was a bit in the original 802.3 standard in meters? Use a transmission speed of 10 Mbps and assume the propagation speed in coax is 2/3 the speed of light in a vacuum. (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all your work.
Answer: the 802.3 standard is the specification of Ethernet in the network. In other words we can say that it can be considered as a system which is used for physical communication in the network. The bit used to be 1m long in the original 802.3 standard.
The speed of light in coax = 200,000 km/sec
= 200 meters/μsec.
Given speed = 10 Mbps
At 10 Mbps, time to transmit 1 bit = 0.1 μsec to transmit a bit.
0.1 * 200 = 20
Length of bit = 20 meters.
(5 points) A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers? (Source: Tanenbaum and Wetherall) Show and explain all your work.
Answer:
According to the question,
Message length = M bytes
Header length = h bytes
Protocol layers = n
No. of Header bytes per packet = nh
Therefore, Total bytes per packet = message length + header bytes = (M+nh)
We know that Fraction of something is = fractional part / total
Fraction of bandwidth filled with headers = header size / total size
= nh/(M+nh)
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