SYSTEM ANLYSIS AND DESIGN TEACHING-RESEARCH GAP

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Requirement

SYSTEM ANLYSIS AND DESIGN TEACHING-RESEARCH GAP

Research assignment on the following topic.
Should We Be Researching What We Teach?

Solution

INTRODUCTION:-

System analysis and design are considered as an important and interesting topic. This topic is taught in every university in the courses of undergraduate or graduate. It appears an important course for the IS majors and minors undergraduate curriculum and as an important part of the MSIS model in the curriculum of the graduate. In this speedily changing important area, which everyone should expect related to the modern textbooks and curricula to incorporate sound research on methodologies, leading practices and techniques. (Glover, 2012) During the past decade, there found a low level of system analysis and design. We called all this a shortfall as the teaching research gap in system analysis and design. In this assignment, we will examine the dimensions, possible gains and consequences of the system analysis and design teaching research –gap.  

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The system analysis and design teaching research-gap:-

The  of the information system move around the discipline related to the MIS. There is a course which is required in all the universities for the system analysis and design. Moreover, system analysis and design are considered as the single and important course whose important topics are covered in other related disciplines like- finance, marketing management, and economics. Few contents of the system analysis overlap with software engineering courses in different fields but especially in computer science. The most important focus of the system analysis and design is technical in a great manner with some attention on the management of the process related to the development of software. (Hoffer, 2012) Various research on the system analysis and design is conducted in the past decade. Recent data suggest that research in system analysis and design is considered under-represented. In the period of 1994-1995, research on system analysis and design made for 6% of the total research in a number of papers in a set of leading journals of IS. 5% of faculty shown in the Faculty Directory of system analysis and design in IS world as a research interest. In opposite to it 21% faculty shows their interest in teaching logical and analysis design. All these data shows that there exist a little bit teaching-research gap. There is scarcity of research in system analysis and design. From the past decades, the system analysis and design are evolving with exciting and interesting new departments. (Balanis, 2016)As an example of the system analysis and design we can say that there exist three approaches related to the system development, each approach is involved some type of variations in teaching system analysis and design.
These approaches are considered following:-

  • Traditional system life cycles approach

  • Object-oriented system analysis and design

  • Agile methods

The absence of system analysis and design research concomitant with developments In the field express that teaching is not informed by academic research generally. It also feels like that all the faculty teachers which who teach all courses related to the system analysis and design chooses topics as per their choice and particularly on the basis of literature, the popularity of a specific industry and textbooks of various approaches. However, it can be possible that flawed approaches of system analysis and design are being taught.
As shown in different practices of the system analysis and design, practice alone cannot provide us all the different ways of knowing, for teaching effective techniques, tools, and methods. There are four ways of knowing which are: authority, science, tenacity and intuition. The tendency is considered as a tendency which beliefs continuously in a proposition by using inertia or habit. To substantiate all the held views, Authority is responsible for appealing to a highly respected source. The difference between system analysis and design research and teaching, this implies on the educator's usage of system analysis and design approach which is completely based on their belief in the authority of the practitioner guru, de facto industrial use or a textbook author intuition is completely depends on the appeal to “ self-evident proposition”.( Hoffer,2012)
As an example, we can say that in an agile methodology popularity of pair programming completely based on intuition in comparison of research evidence. The science which is the fourth way of knowing, motive at objective based on knowledge related to various typical academic research. Gap in teaching research in system analysis and design, it is probable that choices of the educators have been influenced as much by authority, tenacity, intrusion and science. There are many reasons for existing teaching-research gap in system analysis and design. Several possible factors can be following:- 

  • Publication outlets:-The top-ranked journal concentrates mainly on topics which are related to the behavioral science. Thus, system analysis and design have tended to appear in various journals which are outside the mainstream of IS. Many academics are encouraged to write journals which can give them career opportunities in future. Lock of system analysis and design research in the IS journals may demotivate researchers from choosing these topics.

  • Business school environment: - Many programs of IS housed in North America in its various business schools.  Thus, everyone can say that this research is not mainly not understood by the faculty in other disciplines of business like economics, management, and finance and organizational behavior.  All this arises a typical problem at the tie of tenure and promotion, and may discourage system analysis and design research by faculty of IS.

  • Inadequate training Ph.D. students: - from the experiences of the various authors, they conclude that few students of IS Ph.D. feel to have the background of technology to pursue system analysis and design research carefully. Most of the schools do not want the doctorate students to make one or more introductory course on technical topics, like system analysis and design, database system and telecommunications. Thus, they are not able to introduce any innovative ideas in support to system analysis and design. Most of the doctorate students should take courses from outside of the business school that offers this content. 

  • System analysis and design are considered as a well-known practice:- Some claims that the further research in system analysis and design may only add some marginally to existing knowledge. Many issues related to the system analysis and design are unresolved in today's environment. Faculty members teach this course mainly on the basis of the various textbooks. Since, there exist a few research in the area of system analysis and design. Academic research in the system analysis and design lead the whole way and introduce new methods related to the new analysis and design for the motive of enhancing the success of software development.

Design science research questions in system analysis and design:-

There exist various interesting and challenging research questions in the system which will be studied in system analysis and design. There exists a properly defined knowledge base for executing the research in design science. All the necessary issues related to the relevance and rigor are resolved by using IS research framework.  The framework defines the environment from which all the questions arise, the knowledge base on which IS research draws, and the products of IS research.
System analysis and design is a combination of various areas which are related to the IS research framework. In the knowledge base section, system analysis and design contribute through providing various necessary and useful models which are used to show the requirements and systems, and the methodologies are used to develop a drawing of the system by using various theories like ontologies theories and cognitive theories. The framework of the IS identifies various artifacts as a product of IS research, all these artifacts range from the initial requirements of the system, for representations of systems formally, and for actual software. System analysis and design feed the knowledge base through the creation of several artifacts. System analysis and design use the various research strategies like lab experiments, case study, action program, analytical methods, simulation and field study. (Balanis, 2016)The framework provides a useful illustration for the fit of rigorous and relevant system analysis and design, which is studies in the overall context of IS research. With the understanding of the framework, we can identify various reasons, why system analysis and design fits into the IS research framework. There are a number of research opportunities are available in the system analysis and design. There exist a number of research issues that can be pursued by system analysis and research design researchers.

Evaluation of conceptual models: - An example of System analysis and design:-

The evaluation of the methods of the conceptual modeling maps well with the research design framework which discussed earlier.  Several theories, ontologies, frameworks and models have been employed, and the research line is generally considered the base of every experimental work. Various dependent and independent variables have been used for developing the various measures and techniques of the data analysis. A survey is conducted on the literature of the evaluation of modeling methods which indicated that several dependent variables had been used in past empirical studies. All these variables include the adequacy or completeness of the modeling methods, which are helpful in underlying reality. Independent variables are the combination of modeling grammar, task, and individual differences. The modeling grammar variable considers the grammar related to entity relationship diagrams, relational schemes; data flow diagrams, class diagrams, and use cases. Variants of a grammar motivated by different theoretical considerations. User variable may consider the level of familiarity and experience with the subjects with the use of a conceptual model. Readers who are, more experienced in the underlying conceptual model are thought to perform better in interpreting the various schemes. Task variables are a combination of different variables related to the problem solving, recall and comprehension.

Emerging research areas in system analysis and design:-

Conceptual modeling is the one of the research are of the system analysis and design. There are several challenging issues related to the research waiting to be investigated. Methodologies considered in the system analysis and design take diverse positions. There exist various mature models which are based on a disciplined and structured approach which mainly focuses on detailed planning and analysis.
Addressing the teaching-research gap in system analysis and design:-
Following steps can be taken within the MIS research community as a start:-
Design science journals:-
That journals which publish top quality design science research should be recognized as equivalent and top- tier journals. In system analysis and design, design science research is published more frequently in journals of computer science from the ACM and IEEE computer society. These journals involved many problematic issues.
First, these journals are considered out the discipline of MIS and the editorial board consists mainly of computer science and software engineering researchers. This causes problems in the development of a legitimate technical research area whose focus is completely on IS.
Second, all the transactions related to the ACM and IEEE are slow in a review process. This may be acceptable for the researchers of the computer science field because the field of computer science counts conference publications heavily for promotion and tenure. These conference papers, carry no weight in the department of IS and schools. Third, the transactions related to the IEEE and ACM are very specific in nature and focused narrowly towards the areas of computer science. (Glover, 2012) For example, IEEE transactions are related to the software engineering and knowledge and data engineering; ACM transactions are related to the software engineering and methodology and database systems. Most of the business schools so consider publications in ACM and IEEE transactions as the top-tier publications.
Receptiveness of IS journals to system analysis and design Research:-
There is a need to motivate existing top-tier journals in IS to be more receptive and open to system analysis and design research. All this may present various difficulties because most existing journals have established their niche areas of focus and have their editorial boards set up to support the areas further. However, it can be possible. Some of the top journals have been more receptive of system analysis and design articles under the editorship of the chief editor who themselves perform research in various fields. For this, it is necessary to increased numbers of Senior and Associate Editors on the editorial board of different journals of IS, that are considered knowledgeable and appreciative for system analysis and design research. All the members of the editorial board should recognize that the writing style of one paper can be different from the papers of the other IS areas. Researchers of system analysis and design may hesitate to submit to top-tier journals because of the concern that the content of a design science research paper will be reviewed in the process of review. (Tamir, 2013) For the current top journals, it can be possible to divide IS into different departments. For an example, we can say that the management science is a combination of different departments, in the same manner, IEEE transactions also have various parts (man, systems, and cybernetics). It may be possible for the MIS Quarterly and information research systems to pursue same strategies related to the different groups of IS area.
Representation of system analysis and design research in IS Conferences:-
System analysis and other technical research areas need to have their share of appearances at IS conferences like the international conference on information systems. In this, the main focus is on system analysis and design researchers to send their best work to ICIS. It is necessary to evaluate the criteria related to the design science research which will be beneficial for the program chairs, track chairs and reviewers. There are some signs which show the improvement in the occasional inclusion of tracks for topics related to system analysis and design.
Required doctoral courses and seminars n technical topics:-
Most of the IS curricula are considered weak in advanced courses related to the technical topics. Doctoral students conclude that they are often attending classes in the other colleges of the universities to receive the various and advanced knowledge in the field of information development, telecommunication topics, and database systems. All the doctoral students get their training through various seminars arranged in the colleges and various programs related to the dissertation. A seminar related to the doctoral should train all the students in the field of design science paradigm and built them so capable that they can innovate top-quality IS design science research. There is a need for more advanced and innovative topic and seminar classes related to the system analysis and design, or another design research IS areas, to encourage more research practices in system analysis and design by doctoral students. If a high number of students pursue doctorate, in the system analysis and design then, there is the high number of faculty is available in system analysis and design. This will be beneficial for all the universities because more doctoral students are present in system analysis and design which can give their different views in related to different fields of system analysis and design. 
An example of introducing research ideas into system analysis and design teaching:-
The main aim of this section is to demonstrate the successful integration of best practices and research ideas of the industry at an advanced graduate level of system analysis and design.( Börger, 2012) This type of class has been offered by Dr. Alan for the last nineteen years at the universities of South Florida and Maryland. This course attracts various masters and doctoral students with a wide variety of experiences and backgrounds in the field of IS and in a field of software development. As a prerequisite, it is necessary for all the students to have completed a basic course in the system analysis and development, or have further experience in the field of software development projects. 
It requires effective and efficient integration of practices and research in the course. Various important and selected topics of the system analysis and design should be presented briefly.no; any course textbook is used by students. Readings of students come through the industry trade press and research literature. (Vasquez, 2013)  The main aim of the student is to understand the relationship between the key practices of the industry and the active research in each of the presented topics. Students should be capable of challenging the current practices and gives innovative ideas to improve all these practices in terms of software product quality and software development productivity.
Next, we define the various broad areas which this course covers: software development methods, technical reviews, system specification, system quality, and finally the reports of the students in related to the current hot topics.
Disciplined and Agile software development methods:-
Waterfall and V models are presented as a more agile process models. These models are the models related to the software development process. It is necessary to evaluate the software development project by evaluating the tradeoff between agility and discipline for its own unique context, project objectives and resources. Current best practices of the price modeling defined that it is necessary to capture all information related to the project risk over several important dimensions. (Börger, 2012) It is also crucial and varies complex to select an effective process model based on project risk analysis. Research is needed for identifying and evaluates the important determinants related to the software development project. Research enables the project team to select the best available development methods. 

  • Software system specification and design:- Use of software models in design and specify software systems display a significant gap between practice and research. All the current best practices of the design involved UML techniques and automated computer aided software engineering systems. These systems support the recent tools related to the modeling. It is the responsibility of the student to present an overview of the UML in the course and receives hands-on exposure to an industrial strength. (Gönen, 2014)In the currently designed methods lack a base of theory and software development as practiced today than an engineering discipline. Thus, in this course student focuses on several readings on research that has the capacity to provide a strong foundation to the engineering of software systems.

  • Technical reviews:- By using the process of software development, everyone can utilize the technical reviews in an efficient manner. It is the best process in the industry of inspections the artifacts. Students are instructed through IEEE standards. Students become familiar with all those researchers which demonstrates the benefits of inspections on the text document like source code. (Tamir, 2013) Students read the recent research that investigates the use of inspections on models of graphic design, which are becoming more prevalent for representing the analysis and design artifacts.

  • System quality:- An important theme of the system analysis and design course is the issue of quality. It is meant for developing a quality software system. An excellent discussion on the industry best practices and software quality is described in the McConnell's book on rapid development.

  • Student Hot Topic Reports:- In the limited time period of a course of system analysis and design, it is impossible to cover all the important topics of system analysis and research field. Students have their own choices to select an important topic to explore their knowledge.( Gönen,2014)

Conclusion:-

After studying all this, we can conclude that there is a significant research gap in the Is discipline with respect to system analysis and design topics. System analysis and design are mainly considered as a core of the discipline and forms an important part of the most IS curricula. In addition to it, it can be possible that the rate of failure of the systems design remains high, and the world of the system analysis and design is constantly moving around the methods and approaches. Despite all these realities, in system analysis and design the level of the research remains low. As a result, system analysis and design teaching are often based on various principles which are of questionable validity. In this assignment, we focus on various factors that might be the reason of contributing gap. Various approaches are considered in this assignment which helps in filling all gaps in system analysis and design.

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REFERENCES:-

  • Glover, J. D., Sarma, M. S., & Overbye, T. (2012). Power System Analysis & Design, SI Version. Cengage Learning.

  • Balanis, C. A. (2016). Antenna theory: analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Tegarden, D. (2015). Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India.

  • Gönen, T. (2014). Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design. CRC Press.

  • Tamir, T., Griffel, G., & Bertoni, H. L. (Eds.). (2013). Guided-Wave Optoelectronics: Device Characterization, Analysis, and Design. Springer Science & Business Media.

  • Börger, E., & Stärk, R. (2012). Abstract state machines: a method for high-level system design and analysis. Springer Science & Business Media.

  • Larman, C. (2012). Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India.

  • Wasson, C. S. (2015). System Engineering Analysis, Design, and Development: Concepts, Principles, and Practices. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Vasquez, J. C., Guerrero, J. M., Savaghebi, M., Eloy-Garcia, J., & Teodorescu, R. (2013). Modeling, analysis, and design of stationary-reference-frame droop-controlled parallel three-phase voltage source inverters. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 60(4), 1271-1280.

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