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Key Topics
Policy Analysis and Critique
Introduction
When the lenses of the eyes affect vision and become cloudy, such condition is called as Cataract. Cataract is an eye problem occurs in older people. It is a treatable problem in which the cloudy lens is replaced by the artificial lens (Waltz et al., 2015). Although this is not a serious issue, the number of the patient affected by a cataract is a serious issue. The number of older people affected by a cataract is increasing day by day. As the number of patients is increasing the waiting time for surgery is also increasing. It has become one of the serious issues for the Hong Kong government. So, to mitigate the issue the Hong Kong government started a program in the 2007and allocated fund to the first pilot project which was started with the help of public-private collaboration (Hospital Authority, 2018). The project named “Dazzling Operation” Cataract Surgery Program aimed to provide more cataract surgery to meet the needs of increasing services through public-private collaboration. The program was scheduled to start in February 2008. The program became very effective, and under this program, the target of 10000 cataract surgeries was achieved in 2010-11. The public response was also excellent, so the government further granted fund to the program to resume the program since 2011-12 (Hospital Authority, 2018).
Analysis of program
The cataract surgery program was started in 2008 which aimed to provide more cataract surgeries to deal with the increasing needs of surgeries through public-private collaboration. The program was very effective in its first season from 2008 to 2011 (Wong et al., 2015). Therefore, the Hong Kong government resumed the program and increased its season till 2017-18. Under this scheme, the patients who are on the waiting list at hospitals under Hospitals Authority are eligible to participate in this program. This program is supported by both private as well as public ophthalmologists, and an individual can opt public or private ophthalmologist for the cataract surgery under this program (Chan et al., 2016). If an individual is opting private ophthalmologist, he or she may avail a subsidy of HK$ 5,000. This program also started service under this program to provide volunteer paternity service in 2012 to assist those who are living alone.
Determinants of Health Problem
There are several determinants of health problem which affect the health problem to a great extent. Health problem arises due to various factors such as social factors, economic factors, cultural factors, technological factors, environmental factors, etc. (Garg et al., 2015). Human is a social animal that lives in a society and has to act according to the culture, tradition, beliefs, and custom of the society. These factors affect the health problem such as cataract. Although, cataract occurs in older people these factors are responsible for the problem up to a great extent (Carey et al., 2015).
Social factors: social factors such as level of awareness among the people regarding health-related problems and their determinants, education level, religious beliefs, family, and wealth are the major determinants of health problem such as cataract. If the people are not aware of health-related issues and its determinants they will not take care of their health. Education level also plays a very important role in determining health problem (Berkman et al., 2014). Education enlightens the people and makes them aware of health-related issues. Education also makes them capable of taking care of health through proper dieting, exercise, etc. For example, during our school and college, we study that Vitamin A is good for eyes and we should take Vitamin A to avoid eye related issues. We also study that milk, egg, meat, cheese, etc. are the good source of Vitamin A. So, if we take these things in enough quantity we can avoid eye-related problems.
Social factors: social factors such as level of awareness among the people regarding health-related problems and their determinants, education level, religious beliefs, family, and wealth are the major determinants of health problem such as cataract. If the people are not aware of health-related issues and its determinants they will not take care of their health. Education level also plays a very important role in determining health problem (Berkman et al., 2014). Education enlightens the people and makes them aware of health-related issues. Education also makes them capable of taking care of health through proper dieting, exercise, etc. For example, during our school and college, we study that Vitamin A is good for eyes and we should take Vitamin A to avoid eye related issues. We also study that milk, egg, meat, cheese, etc. are the good source of Vitamin A. So, if we take these things in enough quantity we can avoid eye-related problems.
Economic factors: economic factors are also one of the major determinants of health problem. Economic factors such as rate of unemployment, per-capita income, living standard affect the health problem. If there is a high rate of unemployment more people will be under the poverty line, and they cannot afford required diet to be healthy. Per-capita income also plays a very important role in determining the health (Whitehead et al., 2016). If there is a joint family and there is a large number of family member, and only one member is earning, and per-capita income is also low, there would be a health-related problem.
Technological factors: technology is being advanced, and nowadays every person is using smartphones. It has been proven that the lights of the smartphone are not good for eyes (Gainsbury et al., 2014). People are increasingly using mobile phones, laptops, television, desktop, etc. All of these affect the eyes.
Environmental factors: the level of pollution is increasing which has become a serious issue all over the world. Every country is concerned about the increasing level of pollution. Pollution is one of the major determinants of health problem (Sallis et al., 2015). There are various effects of pollution on health.
Identification of Policy/Program Issues
There are some factors which affect the smooth functioning of any program. Such factors are called as hurdles or barriers. Every program faces some hurdles or barriers at the ground and operational level. Such barriers create issues for the program. There are some issues associated with cataract surgeries program, and those issues are the following (Young et al., 2015);
Not every person is eligible for the cataract surgeries program. Only those persons who are on the waiting list at hospitals authority are eligible for cataract surgeries program. If someone is in critical condition but not on the waiting list at hospital authority, he or she cannot avail the facility of this program (Zhang et al., 2017). Therefore, this is one of the major issues of this program.
One of the major issues of cataract program surgeries is that those who cannot afford the cost of cataract surgeries they have to seek the mercy of private ophthalmologists. If the private ophthalmologists agree to provide medical services to such patients only then, they can avail the services of this program otherwise not (Zhang et al., 2017).
The cost is also a major issue for this program. The normal cost of cataract surgeries is ranging from $10000 to $20000. Under this program, the cost is set at $13000. Although there is subsidy amount equal to $5000, even $8000 is much more for the poor. This program is being functioned under public-private cooperation (Ren et al., 2015). Therefore, there should be some provision for the poor to avail the medical facilities under this program.
For the patients who are participating in “Public Sector Model” need to participate in Electronic Health Record Sharing System to enable the medical information in the hospital authority to be accessed by the private ophthalmologist for cataract surgeries.
It is also difficult to find private ophthalmologists for cataract surgeries due to the number of patients on the waiting list.
Evaluation and Assessment of the Entire Process for Developing the Program
Every program needs to be assessed and evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the program and finding the weaknesses or loopholes of the program. It helps in strengthen the program and increase its reach and effectiveness. Every program goes through a process of being fully developed. Evaluation and assessment of the entire process help in finding the weaknesses and loopholes in the process of development of a program (Waterman, 2014). At this stage finding of loopholes is very important to make the program effective.
Not every person is eligible for the cataract surgeries program. Only those persons who are on the waiting list at hospitals authority are eligible for cataract surgeries program. If someone is in critical condition but not on the waiting list at hospital authority, he or she cannot avail the facility of this program (Zhang et al., 2017). Therefore, this is one of the major issues of this program.
One of the major issues of cataract program surgeries is that those who cannot afford the cost of cataract surgeries they have to seek the mercy of private ophthalmologists. If the private ophthalmologists agree to provide medical services to such patients only then, they can avail the services of this program otherwise not (Zhang et al., 2017).
The cost is also a major issue for this program. The normal cost of cataract surgeries is ranging from $10000 to $20000. Under this program, the cost is set at $13000. Although there is subsidy amount equal to $5000, even $8000 is much more for the poor. This program is being functioned under public-private cooperation (Ren et al., 2015). Therefore, there should be some provision for the poor to avail the medical facilities under this program.
For the patients who are participating in “Public Sector Model” need to participate in Electronic Health Record Sharing System to enable the medical information in the hospital authority to be accessed by the private ophthalmologist for cataract surgeries.
It is also difficult to find private ophthalmologists for cataract surgeries due to the number of patients on the waiting list.
Evaluation and Assessment of the Entire Process for Developing the Program
Every program needs to be assessed and evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the program and finding the weaknesses or loopholes of the program. It helps in strengthen the program and increase its reach and effectiveness. Every program goes through a process of being fully developed. Evaluation and assessment of the entire process help in finding the weaknesses and loopholes in the process of development of a program (Waterman, 2014). At this stage finding of loopholes is very important to make the program effective.
Need assessment: the need is the mother of invention. Everything that has been developed there was a need associated with it. Therefore, identification of need is at most important. As in Hong Kong, the number of cataract patients was increasing day by day, and many patients were on the waiting list, it was necessary for the Hong Kong government to tackle this problem. The government identified that there is a need for a program to deal with such patient at large (Burke et al., 2015). So, the Hong Kong government decided to launch a program for cataract surgeries for those who are on waiting list for days and months at hospitals authority.
Development of program: program development is the next stage in the process of the development of a program. Under this stage, the program developer identifies the requirement of the program and gathers all the necessary element of the program such as conducting research or gathering relevant information, physical elements, funds, consultation, etc.
Health financing: health financing is related to the collection of funds to support the program related to health care. Finance is the backbone of any program because it provides the ability to function smoothly within a territory. It is also necessary to acquire required elements or materials for providing medical assistance to the patients such as tools and equipment (McMahon et al., 2016). The fund can be generated in three forms or from three sources such as Healthcare Service Funders, Healthcare Service Purchasers, and Healthcare Service Providers. Hong Kong is very much concerned for the public health and spends a handsome amount on healthcare services. Although, the current system of healthcare of Hong Kong is limited in capacity to cope with the major epidemics. Since the 1960s the healthcare system of Hong Kong has undergone few functional changes. But still, the healthcare system of Hong Kong is compartmentalized. The healthcare system of Hong Kong is led by the public hospital system. The health authority of Hong Kong is both the supplier as well as a buyer of the health services. So, the role of hospital authority affects the rights of patients because patients cannot select the doctor in such system (McMahon et al., 2016). There is no any regulatory body for doctors and protection of the rights of patients and welfare. There is a laissez-faire policy in the health system of Hong Kong which enables the doctors to charge high for the patients which are unaffordable for many people. The government of Hong Kong is planning to implement a plan called Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme in 2018which would amend the tax legislation for the member of the public to offer tax incentives who procure the products of such health insurance.
Public Consultation: public consultation means consulting with the regulatory body and seeking its inputs regarding the project which might affect the project. The main objectives of the public consultation are to enhance the transparency, efficiency, and involvement of the public in the project (Webster et al., 2017). Public consultation helps in increasing the information available to the government on which the decision regarding policy could be based. Cataract surgeries program is a public-private cooperation program in which both public and private entities are involved. Therefore, it is very important to consult with public and seek relevant information to make the program successful (Webster et al., 2017).
The third step of the program development process is to schedule the course of the program. In this step timeline of the different course of the program is set up.
The next step of the program is to deliver the course of the program. In this step, the program is implemented to get or produce the result.
Evaluation is the last step of the process in which the effectiveness of the program is evaluated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program is evaluated through measuring the actual result as compared to the desired result.
Development of program: program development is the next stage in the process of the development of a program. Under this stage, the program developer identifies the requirement of the program and gathers all the necessary element of the program such as conducting research or gathering relevant information, physical elements, funds, consultation, etc.
Health financing: health financing is related to the collection of funds to support the program related to health care. Finance is the backbone of any program because it provides the ability to function smoothly within a territory. It is also necessary to acquire required elements or materials for providing medical assistance to the patients such as tools and equipment (McMahon et al., 2016). The fund can be generated in three forms or from three sources such as Healthcare Service Funders, Healthcare Service Purchasers, and Healthcare Service Providers. Hong Kong is very much concerned for the public health and spends a handsome amount on healthcare services. Although, the current system of healthcare of Hong Kong is limited in capacity to cope with the major epidemics. Since the 1960s the healthcare system of Hong Kong has undergone few functional changes. But still, the healthcare system of Hong Kong is compartmentalized. The healthcare system of Hong Kong is led by the public hospital system. The health authority of Hong Kong is both the supplier as well as a buyer of the health services. So, the role of hospital authority affects the rights of patients because patients cannot select the doctor in such system (McMahon et al., 2016). There is no any regulatory body for doctors and protection of the rights of patients and welfare. There is a laissez-faire policy in the health system of Hong Kong which enables the doctors to charge high for the patients which are unaffordable for many people. The government of Hong Kong is planning to implement a plan called Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme in 2018which would amend the tax legislation for the member of the public to offer tax incentives who procure the products of such health insurance.
Public Consultation: public consultation means consulting with the regulatory body and seeking its inputs regarding the project which might affect the project. The main objectives of the public consultation are to enhance the transparency, efficiency, and involvement of the public in the project (Webster et al., 2017). Public consultation helps in increasing the information available to the government on which the decision regarding policy could be based. Cataract surgeries program is a public-private cooperation program in which both public and private entities are involved. Therefore, it is very important to consult with public and seek relevant information to make the program successful (Webster et al., 2017).
The third step of the program development process is to schedule the course of the program. In this step timeline of the different course of the program is set up.
The next step of the program is to deliver the course of the program. In this step, the program is implemented to get or produce the result.
Evaluation is the last step of the process in which the effectiveness of the program is evaluated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program is evaluated through measuring the actual result as compared to the desired result.
Cataract Surgeries Program
In the view of increasing and aging population, the number of cataracts seeking treatment at the public is increasing in the past few years and due to this waiting time for cataract surgery has been continuously extended. So, the SAR Government in 2007 allocated fund for establishing first public-private collaboration pilot project the Dazzling operation "Cataract Surgery Program (Lau et al., 2002). The program was initiated and started in February 2008 and further extended to 2017/2018. The main aim of this program is to meet the ever-increasing service needs. The hospital authority uses to issue invitation letters to patients in batches. This Program that is cataract Surgeries Program is mainly government-funded program incorporated in a way to increase the Cataract Surgeries through public and private collaboration meet with the aim of reducing the waiting time of cataract surgery for Hospital Authority patients through a public-private partnership delivery model. This program provides or offers a fixed amount of HK $5000 subsidy for each cataract surgery if a patient chooses to receive treatment from the private ophthalmologist, subject to co-payment of not more than HK $8000.
Apart from the prioritizing surgery according to the need and urgency of the conditions of cataract patients this program aims to provide financial assistance to the needy cataract patients.
Apart from the prioritizing surgery according to the need and urgency of the conditions of cataract patients this program aims to provide financial assistance to the needy cataract patients.
There are only certain patients who are invited to participate in the Cataract Surgeries Program, and those patients are who fulfill the criteria set by the Hospital Authority. Following are the criteria subject to full filling it will make you attain the program and that criteria are as follows-
Patients have been on hospital authority's clusters of hospital's cataract surgery waiting list from 1st July 2015 to 30th June 2016. Here both the date are inclusive. Hospital Authority will be pooled such patients in the central waiting list and priority will be given to those who have been waiting since the longest on the hospital authority central waiting list.
Local anesthesia suits the cataract patients.
Cataract patients have been causalities to the routine waiting list. Under this program, urgent and early cases need to be addressed with prime priority. Hence the hospital authority will continue to arrange surgeries for these cases instead of offering these cataract patients the choice to undertake treatment from private ophthalmologists.
So if the cataract patients fulfill the above criteria which have been set by the hospital authority then the hospital authority will issue the invitation letters in batches to the cataract patients to invite them to apply to take participate in the program but priority will be given to those patients who have waited longest on the hospital authority central waiting list. Here patients need not approach hospital authority.
Under this program, private ophthalmologist use to provide treatment as a package which includes one pre-operative assessment, the cataract surgery including a basic monofocal intraocular lens, if any, and two post-operative checks(Michon et al., 2002)
Hospital authority act as the administrator of the program that is CSP so hospital authority will not involve in any way in, and shall not be liable for, any negotiation or agreement between the patients and any private ophthalmologist.
This program that is Cataract surgery program when analyzed then it was found that this is helping to shorten the waiting list for cataract surgery at Hospital authority. And this program is very well utilizing the service capacity of the private medical sector through public-private collaboration and establish effective channels for the voluntary flow of hospital authority patients to private sector mainly to help and alleviate the imbalance between public and private medical services.(He et al., 2007) This program keeping in view that some cataract patients are living alone, so they hesitate and fear of getting the surgery of eye then this program introduced the new services called as volunteer paternity service and this was introduced in October 2012 mainly to arrange and support referral visits to private practitioners by volunteers accompanied by the project, including preoperative and postoperative assessment or examination so that or in a way that cataract patients can feel more ease in accepting the cataract surgery. This program was incorporated in a way to serve the Hong Kong in a much better way because in Honk Kong the problem associated with the eye is increasing day by day especially cataract problem. And the private hospital is not in a position to serve all the patients on time due to increase g number of patients continuously or day by day (He et al., 2007). So in regards to address this challenge or issue SAR government or Honk Kong government allocated fund to establish the public-private hospital in a way to serve the cataract patient in Hong Kong in a much better way. And through this, the maximum patient is getting on time treatment. With this program, the quality of both public-private doctors is best utilized. And provide more cataract surgeries to deal with the increasing needs of the surgeries through public-private collaboration.
Conclusion
At the end of this assignment, it can be concluded that the "Dazzling operation" Cataract Surgery Program was found very effective. As this program came into effect from 2007, this program was mainly initiated by the Government of Hong Kong due to responding the needs of Hong Kong cataract patients. As this disease was increasing day by day especially in old age people in Hong Kong and public hospital authority was not in a position to a handle or tackle the increasing number of cataract patients. So keeping this in mind the Government of Hong Kong-funded to establish the public-private hospital in collaboration to redress the situation and to reduce the waiting list of the patients in the central hall of hospital authority. It was found that this program was very much effective as it enables to serve the maximum number of the patients on time. And it has reduced the waiting list of the cataract patients also. Beside this it has also launched one new program in 2012 October named as volunteer paternity service which helped a lot to patients in referrals in private hospital and it also geared up the patients in a way to feel more satisfied with surgery this special service was mainly introduced to respond and help to those who are living alone. So in this service volunteers are assigned to those patients who are alone, and pre-operative and post-operative assessment should also be provided. This program is supported by both the organization, a private and public ophthalmologist for the cataract surgery under this special program.
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Waltz, K. L., Featherstone, K., Tsai, L., & Trentacost, D. (2015). Clinical outcomes of TECNIS toric intraocular lens implantation after cataract removal in patients with corneal astigmatism. Ophthalmology, 122(1), 39-47.
Hospital Authority. (2018). Www3.ha.org.hk. Retrieved 7 February 2018, from http://www3.ha.org.hk/ppp/csp.aspx#patient
Wong, E. L., Yeoh, E. K., Chau, P. Y., Yam, C. H., Cheung, A. W., & Fung, H. (2015). How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? A realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 261-269.
Chan, S. Y., Chu, D. L., Lau, C. H., Wong, K. S., & Wu, W. H. (2016). Public healthcare financing and provision in Hong Kong: a public-private partnership approach. Capstone Project.
Garg, A., Toy, S., Tripodis, Y., Silverstein, M., & Freeman, E. (2015). Addressing social determinants of health at well-child care visits: a cluster RCT. Pediatrics, 135(2), e296-e304.
Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2015). Systems change for the social determinants of health. BMC public health, 15(1), 662.
Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Whitehead, M., Pennington, A., Orton, L., Nayak, S., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., & White, M. (2016). How could differences in ‘control over destiny’lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment. Health & place, 39, 51-61.
Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Hing, N., Wood, R., Lubman, D. I., & Blaszczynski, A. (2014). The prevalence and determinants of problem gambling in Australia: Assessing the impact of interactive gambling and new technologies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 769.
Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice, 5, 43-64.
Young, A. L., Jhanji, V., Liang, Y., Congdon, N., Chow, S., Wang, F., & Yuen, H. G. (2015). A survey of perceived training differences between ophthalmology residents in Hong Kong and China. BMC medical education, 15(1), 158.
Zhang, X., Li, E. Y., Leung, C. K. S., Musch, D. C., Tang, X., Zheng, C., ... & Lam, D. S. C. (2017). Prevalence of visual impairment and outcomes of cataract surgery in Cheonan, South China. PloS one, 12(8), e0180769.
Ren, X. T., Snellingen, T., Gu, H., Assanangkornchai, S., Zou, Y. H., Chongsuvivatwong, V., & Liu, N. P. (2015). Use of cataract surgery in urban Beijing: a post-screening follow-up of the elderly with visual impairment due to age-related cataract. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 30(1), 1-6.
Waterman, A. S. (Ed.). (2014). Service-learning: Applications from the research. Routledge.
Burke, W. W., & Noumair, D. A. (2015). Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press.
McMahon, S. A., Brenner, S., Lohmann, J., Makwero, C., Torbica, A., Mathanga, D. P., ... & De Allegri, M. (2016). Evaluating complex health financing interventions: using mixed methods to inform further implementation of a novel PBI intervention in rural Malawi. BMC health services research, 16(1), 414.
Webster, L., Groskreutz, D., Grinbergs-Saull, A., Howard, R., T O'Brien, J., Mountain, G., & Roberts, C. (2017). Development of a core outcome set for disease modification trials in mild to moderate dementia: a systematic review, patient and public consultation and consensus recommendations. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 21(26), 1.
Lau, J., Michon, J. J., Chan, W. S., & Ellwein, L. B. (2002). Visual acuity and quality of life outcomes in cataract surgery patients in Hong Kong. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(1), 12-17.
Michon, J. J., Lau, J., Chan, W. S., & Ellwein, L. B. (2002). Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(2), 133-139.
He, M., Chan, V., Baruwa, E., Gilbert, D., Frick, K. D., & Congdon, N. (2007). Willingness to pay for cataract surgery in rural Southern China. Ophthalmology, 114(3), 411-416.
Hospital Authority. (2018). Www3.ha.org.hk. Retrieved 7 February 2018, from http://www3.ha.org.hk/ppp/csp.aspx#patient
Wong, E. L., Yeoh, E. K., Chau, P. Y., Yam, C. H., Cheung, A. W., & Fung, H. (2015). How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? A realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 261-269.
Chan, S. Y., Chu, D. L., Lau, C. H., Wong, K. S., & Wu, W. H. (2016). Public healthcare financing and provision in Hong Kong: a public-private partnership approach. Capstone Project.
Garg, A., Toy, S., Tripodis, Y., Silverstein, M., & Freeman, E. (2015). Addressing social determinants of health at well-child care visits: a cluster RCT. Pediatrics, 135(2), e296-e304.
Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2015). Systems change for the social determinants of health. BMC public health, 15(1), 662.
Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Whitehead, M., Pennington, A., Orton, L., Nayak, S., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., & White, M. (2016). How could differences in ‘control over destiny’lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment. Health & place, 39, 51-61.
Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Hing, N., Wood, R., Lubman, D. I., & Blaszczynski, A. (2014). The prevalence and determinants of problem gambling in Australia: Assessing the impact of interactive gambling and new technologies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 769.
Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice, 5, 43-64.
Young, A. L., Jhanji, V., Liang, Y., Congdon, N., Chow, S., Wang, F., & Yuen, H. G. (2015). A survey of perceived training differences between ophthalmology residents in Hong Kong and China. BMC medical education, 15(1), 158.
Zhang, X., Li, E. Y., Leung, C. K. S., Musch, D. C., Tang, X., Zheng, C., ... & Lam, D. S. C. (2017). Prevalence of visual impairment and outcomes of cataract surgery in Cheonan, South China. PloS one, 12(8), e0180769.
Ren, X. T., Snellingen, T., Gu, H., Assanangkornchai, S., Zou, Y. H., Chongsuvivatwong, V., & Liu, N. P. (2015). Use of cataract surgery in urban Beijing: a post-screening follow-up of the elderly with visual impairment due to age-related cataract. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 30(1), 1-6.
Waterman, A. S. (Ed.). (2014). Service-learning: Applications from the research. Routledge.
Burke, W. W., & Noumair, D. A. (2015). Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press.
McMahon, S. A., Brenner, S., Lohmann, J., Makwero, C., Torbica, A., Mathanga, D. P., ... & De Allegri, M. (2016). Evaluating complex health financing interventions: using mixed methods to inform further implementation of a novel PBI intervention in rural Malawi. BMC health services research, 16(1), 414.
Webster, L., Groskreutz, D., Grinbergs-Saull, A., Howard, R., T O'Brien, J., Mountain, G., & Roberts, C. (2017). Development of a core outcome set for disease modification trials in mild to moderate dementia: a systematic review, patient and public consultation and consensus recommendations. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 21(26), 1.
Lau, J., Michon, J. J., Chan, W. S., & Ellwein, L. B. (2002). Visual acuity and quality of life outcomes in cataract surgery patients in Hong Kong. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(1), 12-17.
Michon, J. J., Lau, J., Chan, W. S., & Ellwein, L. B. (2002). Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(2), 133-139.
He, M., Chan, V., Baruwa, E., Gilbert, D., Frick, K. D., & Congdon, N. (2007). Willingness to pay for cataract surgery in rural Southern China. Ophthalmology, 114(3), 411-416.
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