International HR and its Various Aspects

Requirement

International HR and its Various Aspects

Solution

Abstract

This is a Project on aspects of International HR which looks into cross cultural approach of International
HR in the first part analyzing its importance under the current global business environment, the 2nd part is concerned with the issues relating to female International workers and the problems faced by women in various working field analyzing them taking every field one by one and lastly the 3rd part discusses the issues of human rights related to employment in emerging and developing countries of the world. 

International HR and its various Aspects

Human Resource or HR is a field of an organization which deals with the management of employees in an effective way for organizational growth and also for the growth of its employees with regard to pay, promotion, and designation. This field is the most important of all in any organization as it is linked to all the departments for their smooth functioning. An effective management of human resource enables both the organization and its employees to grow simultaneously. It has various aspects which needs consideration, such as training, skill development, promotion, grievances handling, etc. (Grimsley, 2003)

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Cross Cultural approach to International HR

Globalization of businesses has compelled organizations to have somewhat similar policies and guidelines which are followed universally when it comes to management of its various departments. The field of Human Resource needs more attention in this regard as it also has to follow the guidelines of human rights associations with regard to justified pay package and other major aspects of human life. The multinational organizations also have to look into managing their human resource keeping in mind the diverse culture of different states in which they operate. One standard approach recognized internationally may be difficult for organizations working in various states because of diversification of cultures as cultures of people of various states cannot be neglected by any organizations looking to establish a good business in its operating state. This is more because of the fact that many organizations’ products and services offers are designed to suit the existing cultural environment in its operating states. For example Beverages Company like PepsiCo and Coke has to keep changing their business policies in multi cultural countries like India. The employees of these kind of organizations belonging to these countries which constitute the human resource of the organization knows much more about the cultures of these countries than the employees belonging to native country of the organization.  And this is the reason the employees of these organizations are mostly citizens of their operating country. This recruitment of employees from within its operating country also turns out to be cost effective and also helps the organization to be accepted by the government and the common people as the prospect of job creation in a state is always welcomed by its people. Having said all this, it does not mean that the organization totally adopts the entire culture of its area of operation, it adheres to Cross Cultural approach where blending of culture is done by adopting the necessary  cultures of the state and promoting the necessary organizational culture, this blending is very crucial for organizations overall prospect in its operating state. The organizational culture is also a very important part because it is related to the very existence of an organization. The organization while adopting the cross cultural approach takes note of a state’s culture which is very important for its operation in that state and the important organizational culture are also taken into consideration. The blending is done by organizations providing required cultural training to its native country’s employees (i e management) about the various socio-economic cultural aspects of their operating country which are very much essential and the local employees of the state are trained about various important organizational culture. The most important aspect of this kind of training is language training because it is a medium used to link employees within the organization, the management of a multi-national company also makes aware to all its employees about the dress code within that organization, the dress code adopted by an organization is a blend of organizational dress code and the cultural dress of the state in which it looks to operate. As for example the dress code for employees working in Asian country and Middle Eastern country are found to be different in most of the cases. The organizations like PepsiCo cannot operate smoothly until they adhere to some of the conservative style of Middle Eastern nations. They have to adhere to some of the strict- guidelines of the authority of the state. In countries like India, the blending varies across various parts of the country but the dress code is not a main issue for operation  in Indian states, as the Indian society has become lot more liberal as compared to other Asian society, the main focus while operating in various Indian states are the differences in culture among various Indian states. The adaptability of its employees to those cultures is the main concern of the management because of various linguistic differences along with cultural differences, the holidays across various Indian states also varies in India as there are many festivals which are solely concerned with a particular state of India.  India always has been a great place for an organization to learn multi cultural approach as in India various types of people with various cultures influenced by religions, traditions can be seen. (Begum, 2015)
The multi cultural approach to management of its Human Resource helps an organization to put cultural differences aside and work in co operation with the people of any states and also suits its employees to learn about consumer behavior across various cultures. It has become a very necessary part of International HR to make various people learn to adapt themselves in different working environment.

Issues relating to female International workers

Women, according to International Labor Rights Forum constitutes about 40 percent of the total workforce globally. The participation of Women in work force is increasing with the ever increasing awareness about their rights for equal contribution in societal development. The World Bank and the United Nations organization suggests vociferously that societies across the world can only develop for better if women are encouraged more towards contribution in overall development of society. (Prizzia, 2005)
This has resulted societies to look women beyond means of only managing domestic affairs and their contribution has definitely increased in the sphere of works which was only dominated by men earlier.
But with the increase in workforce of women, their status in society has not improved as desired or expected; they are still lagging behind in almost every country to men. The women can mostly engage themselves in works which does not take heavy toll on their body because of their Physical structure which is off course not at all changeable, this means that they are, by nature not capable of doing unskilled works such as labor, and the work which requires more of physical things. The women although have got recognitions recently in some fields like business, social service, health etc. etc. they still do not have a major say in these fields. Even in these fields where more of skills are required rather than physical strength they are manipulated by their male counterparts because of various reasons. (Aycan et al., 2000)

Let me take the above mentioned fields one by one and illustrate the problems women go through in that field of work.

Business:- 

The globalization of business organization and the requirement of decision makers which is more of a skilled work has attracted great numbers of women in business organizations and there are also women like Indira Nooyi who has proved that anybody with the desire to excel can be achievers, but the overall story cuts a sorry figure.
As business is a field where business organizations are motivated by the purpose of profit making at any cost, they prefer male over female when it comes to skill ambiguity as males can also do semi-skilled and unskilled works. The females are also not preferred when it comes to long term contracts in business organizations, this is because of their concern that women also need to handle domestic issues such as marriage, having children. Women also face dominance by their co male workers who pursue policy of male dominance when the male is at a higher position in a particular organization. Those males are motivated by many factors to dominate women, such as conservative mindset, domestic issues with their wives at home, dominance by their female boss in an organization they may have previously worked, etc. There are also many cases of sexual harassment of women found in private organization by their male co workers which women can rarely protest publicly as they fear risk of getting sidelined by their families. This is because most of the female workers family does not support their decision to work outside home. The organization also neglect their grievances in such cases fearing that the revelation of such cases may bring disrepute to the organization which in turn may lead to organizations exposure as not having a viable working atmosphere. The women heads in an organization also face problems related to male subordinates not listening to their orders. This is often due to narrow minded inferiority of being dominated or ordered by female which males due to unnecessary ego tends to think and this in many cases forces the organization to consider male boss. When these things happen the organization is affected as the suitable person to a particular designation is not designated. There also have been many instances of women being forced to go through pregnancy tests before selection to a particular organizational post. In some they are made to sign documents declaring their unwillingness to have children for a particular period of time which leads to family problems resulting into further problems for women. The women feel sandwiched and pressurized which affects their growth. The cases of women getting sexually involved with their bosses and regretting later is also very common now a days, in such cases women feels extremely depressed, affecting them mentally. Such cases sometimes also lead to worst outcomes like family problems, divorce from husband, and suicide. In this era where every problem related to organizations get highlighted in papers, magazines, and women face severe resistance from their families to work. The instances of working couples children getting spoiled or complaining about not getting deserved attention also is an issue which always affects women more as they are hold liable in the end by their in-laws. (Kaur, 2013)
The woman who works in a multinational companies outside their native countries faces much more problem than the one who works in domestic environment because in foreign countries, they have to work in totally in a different environment as compared to their domestic one. Under this situations the woman also has to face the problems relating to racism which is a major concern now a day’s especially with women working in western environment where the racism and racial abuse is influenced by various factors such as religion , skin culture, dressing culture, and personality. The racism factor is also sometimes influenced by inferior feelings experienced by both native male and female co workers of the woman because of woman’s higher level of performance and appraisal in the organization. Some woman also faces security related problems in absence of their care taker. Adapting of that country’s cultural environment also becomes an issue most of the time with those women. All these result in degradation of performance by women employees operating in foreign soils. 
In many cases women works along with their husband or fiancée, such women experience less issues when compared to women operating without husband or fiancée. Their problems are experienced later when they decide to think of settling down in terms of having children or proper houses in their operating country. This issue complicates more lately in case they decide to separate because of understanding issues which are very commonly seen in working couples. (Amiri, 2012)

Social Service: - 

This is an area where women are preferred more over men because this area calls for effective communication with various sections of the society. The schemes of the services provided are also related mostly to women and children development such as sanitation facility, education of girl child, spreading awareness among women regarding their rights, issues relating to domestic violence, vaccination awareness, providing medical facilities to expecting mother etc. The sector of social service also looks into fields like creation of employment through their various schemes. The social services are generally meant for the under privileged section of any society, and the social servant mostly deals with illiterate sections of the society. Generally in such sections of the society, the woman mostly stays at home whereas the man goes out for unskilled works for which he gets wages at the end of the day. This payment helps the man to run his family. The woman mostly remains at home looking after household works. The social servant therefore needs to communicate mostly with woman. The women in such society do not feel comfortable talking to male social worker because of which women are preferred more for this kind of field work. Several nongovernmental organizations work for the above mentioned purposes of delivering social services. These organizations in many cases are not well funded and supported by means required to provide the kind of facilities required for women social  worker. The basic facilities such as sufficient pays and perks, travelling facilities, rest room are not met for the women worker which makes difficult for them to continue as social servant. The fear of local factors also is very much crucial which endangers security of women worker. Moreover the family pressures to leave the work also compliment with the above mentioned problems which results in women leaving social sector. (Randall S. Schuler And Susan E. Jackson, 2008)
In International social organizations the women workers face problems because they cannot travel as much as men can, delivering facilities like medicines, foods, clothes etc. The women in such organizations also face many difficulties when operating in conservative societies like Afghanistan and African countries.  In these societies the women employees also face problems due to the ultra conservative nature of the society where women on roads are rarity; there have been many instances where women have felt threat from terrorists in Afghanistan while delivering the service.

Health Care Organizations: -

This field is known to be the most conducive of all organizations to work because this field is all about delivering care to patients in which women are better than men. The women doctors in this field enjoy satisfying working conditions and they also generate good amount of money in this field. But even this field is dominated mostly by men as becoming a physician requires lots of good upbringing and best possible education from childhood which societies pertaining to belief in engaging women only to household work do not think about providing these facilities to girl child. Moreover some women becoming a physician successfully also stops practicing after marriages in many cases and the field remains male dominated as usual. The practicing women also face more difficulties as compared to men because they also have to take care of domestic issues. But in this field the women are found in greater numbers delivering first aid care to patients under the designation of nurse which off course does not require much skill and education, here they have to follow every command of doctors and the work pressure is much more for these women especially in running hospitals. The women have to work in various shifts about which they remain uncertain many times which affects their family life and are subjected to intense pressure by family members including husbands, in laws, and also from parents. Many societies consider this type of work to be of lower category and they either do not allow their daughters, wives to work or torture them mentally at home for sticking to this work. The pressure created thus effects their work at hospitals which invites abuses from doctors resulting in further complexity. In many cases, the women cannot handle the work pressure and shift changes and they give up. Having said all, this field to me seems good only for women who are physician.
The above mentioned fields are considered as skilled area of working. Below I am mentioning the other fields which are considered as unskilled with the problems faced by women in those fields.

Domestic worker: - 

The uneducated women in third world countries mostly work as domestic worker in privileged families. Such women are mostly widow, divorced, victim of violence, or from extremely poor background. They take this work to manage foods for themselves and their children. In such cases they have to work also at home for their children which affect their overall physical and mental health very much. Many women working as domestic help can be seen in government mental health care seeking help. The situations of such women can be understood better on visiting such mental health institutes. The women working as domestic help also receives less payment and they also have to face getting abused by their employer during work. Subjection to sexual violence are also common in this field where women are forced into sex by the husbands of their employer which results in severe complications later for those women. Most Domestic workers’ husband also creates problems for them at house as most of their husbands also do similar kind of work facing similar problems excluding sexual violence. Such males getting nowhere to release their frustrations resort to domestic violence at home beating wife and children.
There are also many cases where because of low Payments and severe financial constraint, the women decide moving to other country for work. They are then manipulated by various criminal networks that send them to other countries where they are tortured and raped continuously, in many such cases they never return. There are many cases of violence towards foreign domestic help in countries like Lebanon, Syria, etc.  (Bhattacharya, 2015)

Daily wage female workers:- 

The women working as daily wage laborers also faces severe problems of sexual violence during work. Many women can be seen working as laborer in construction of buildings, roads, and dams. The physical characteristics of women do not suit these kinds of work but in third world countries they are very commonly seen doing these kinds of works. It takes heavy toll on their health both physically and mentally as the works in such cases mostly involves lifting of solid materials like sands, rocks, and also cutting mountains and roads using equipments. The plight of such women is even more when they do these kind of works in foreign countries and more so when there is nobody in the form of husband, brother, to take care of them. They face similar problems as the women working as domestic help in foreign countries.
All the above mentioned plight of women workers globally are also due to the fact that they are unaware of the rights available to them and in some cases also they do not object and approach agencies working to make legal proceedings available to them aimed at bringing the culprit to book. The International Labor Rights Forum is working to ensure creating awareness among various sections of the society about the rights available to women but the desired results is nowhere near to achievement and they are working continuously towards achieving that.

Human Rights and Employment in Emerging and Developing Countries

Human Rights guarantee employment to every individual capable or eligible to work depending on their strength and qualification for any set of skilled or unskilled work. Employment is a must for every individual for maintenance of life's necessities.
The problem of unemployment is a major concern in today's world where necessities of life has been continuously increasing because of various climatic and scientific changes taking place. To explain with an example I would like to mention that having electricity at home has become very much necessary in order to live normally which was not there 100 years ago. So, in this case a scientific change has necessitated electricity for Human life as electricity has influenced very much on other aspects of life to make it mandatory for human beings. Likewise the advent of technology in providing cell phone, internet, etc has made that technology necessary for human life. As a result the basic requirements of proper food, shelter, and living has become dependent on the scientific changes taking place on a day to day basis. The problem of unemployment has made this difficult for those unemployed people to manage. The unemployment problem is much more in Emerging countries like Afghanistan, Nepal, Trinidad and Tobago, Sudan, etc. and in Developing Countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, it also exists although less than emerging countries. The developing countries generally have greater number of population with less utilization of their rich natural resources to generate employment. This is because of lack of proper education in those countries which is very necessary for utilization of resources which is one of the major causes of unemployment.
Let us take the issues of Unemployment in India which can reflect the problem more clearly about  the human rights issues regarding employment in developing countries as India is one of the fast developing country.
The overall unemployment rate in India stands at 4.7%, which looks less if we think optimistically that 95.3% are employed but the in depth studies can make the problem of unemployment in India more clear. India, which has a population of around 128 crores has almost 5 crores people who are unemployed and among the people who are employed most of them are doing unskilled jobs despite having skills or talents to do skilled jobs. Many Engineers and Management graduates in India have engaged themselves in running their mediocre family business after realizing that there is no proper doable jobs available for them and many of them are not satisfied with the pay package of  their jobs which they had to take finding no other way as they did not have the options of family business. Moreover these jobs in many cases do not solve their issues as their parents have to invest a lot on their studies expecting better scopes which are seldom found. This is mainly because of country's huge population and the imbalance created by it despite growth of education in India which results in unemployment of its own kind. Among the uneducated mass most of them engage themselves in unskilled works such as daily wage laborer, Staff in shops, etc.. By doing this jobs they are not able to manage their necessities properly which can be assumed as another kind of unemployment.
In many cases even such jobs are not available to large sections of people on a regular basis because of the lack of proper government schemes to guarantee employment to its people ,Schemes such as MNREGA was launched by the Central Government of India to guarantee employment for at least 100 days in India which reflects the poor conditions of the People of India and reveals a total different stories of many kind of unemployment existing in India.
This problems of Unemployment can be better understood when the percentage of Poverty in India which stands at around 25% is taken as a fact to prove that the recent data of only 4.7% Unemployment does not reflects the true story of overall unemployment figure. This Problem of inability with regard to providing employment to its people goes in violation to human rights which guarantee employment to every individual. The problem of unemployment can be perceived to be more in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. because this countries lag behind India in terms of overall economic growth. But the nature and causes is somewhat similar. (Unnithan, 2015)
In emerging countries like Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Sudan, etc the problem relating to human rights issue with regard to unemployment is worst of its kind as these countries are affected by wars severely and most of the people are more concerned to save their life than finding a job. The literacy rate with regard to modern education are also very much low in these countries, since having modern form of education has become a must now a day’s even for getting semi skilled works and any attempts to create awareness regarding importance of modern form of education by various agencies has faced stiff resistance from most of their people alleging conspiracy to damage their belief. The people who are employed in these countries are mere shop owners or horse cart puller with some people working in government institutes. Such country always resists any attempt of modern civilization, they only remain concerned about their religious values and take pride in that. Despite various aids provided by world agencies to promote modern civilization it  has failed miserably and more often than not the people seems happy with their conservative lifestyle, so realization of importance of modern civilization to the society in Afghanistan has failed and as a result promoting job environment has not been possible at all which is a must for job creation.

Conclusion

After completing this project I have come to the conclusion that Human Resource and its proper utilization in modern business environment is quite an essential thing to promote organizational and individual growth, my suggestion would for every organization to adhere to ethics in all aspects of organizational running as having a laid down rules and regulations for operation in a particular society will never be enough for organizations or its employees if there is no concern for respect of a given culture. Moreover the employees also must respect organizational culture for their own good as it helps betterment of individuals only. Moving to the problem of International Female worker it can be easily seen from various references that the respect for women is seriously lacking and women are seen everywhere more as a means of sexual pleasure even by the so called literate and intellectuals society. If we, as a modernized people take women in this way then there is not a point in asking the people of the illiterate sections to respect women. My suggestion is that to enhance the co operation of women in overall developments of society we also need to have some scopes for women in every field so that they can work freely and this can only be achieved if the organizations relax some of their strict business guidelines to accommodate women. The problem of unemployment in third world countries can be solved through skill development and overhaul of education system to reduce unemployment among educated sections. The problem of unemployment in emerging countries can be solved if there is some scope for blending of civilization to create awareness. Having said all, it was great to have done this wonderful project.

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  • (Pakistan unemployment rate | 1985-2015 | data | chart | calendar | forecast, 2015)

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