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Question: Expansion of Zara in the Australian Market
Solution
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
With the globalization the entire world has become a market for the business. It has grown to new locations and geographies and introduced many new products. This has revolutionized the operations and management processes of the organizations. Entire world has become one place, but still countries’ government wants to cater their needs before serving any other foreign company. They have rules and regulations to protect the interest of local people, organization and their own GDP. Guest companies have some aspects related to operations, manufacturing unit establishment, serving customers and extracting maximum benefits from it. They have their own strategies to do business. Government might not be supportive for all the strategies. It imposes regulations which are beneficial both for guest and host stakeholders. Zara is in apparel industry and expanded to Australia in 2011. With some rules and regulations imposed by Australian government, it has grown to one of the biggest clothing company in the country.
INTRODUCTION:
Zara is the leading brand of Inditex which includes apparel design, manufacturing and supply. Inditex is the biggest manufacturer of cloths in whole world. From its establishment in 1974, it has become enormously big in these years. It is present in 85 countries with 6300 stores and 840million cloths productions. Zara generates 2/3rd of Inditex revenue which implies it to be largest brand for its growth (Goodman, 2005). Zara’s first store was opened in La Coruna and after that it expanded aggressively. Some of the Zara’s growth strategies includes small size of batches per product, smaller cycle time, variety in products in every season and huge investment in information building and system capacity developments. Zara try to meet customer expectations at the same time as helping to convey ideas, taste and fashion trends to them. Zara has the largest retail store line in the world. It entered US in 1990 and Russia in 2003. It also launched online boutique in 2010. Zara introduces its first store in Australia in 2011.
Inditex as a whole group had 1, 60,000 employees all over the world. These are from every field including designer, researcher and seller. Its corporate culture includes teamwork, self-imposed standards and open communication. Responsible practices and code of conduct helps to establish the guidelines for values and principles (De Brito, Carbone, and Blanquart, 2008). Zara has the headquarters in fifth avenue New York, London, Madrid, Rome, Paris, Milan, Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Tokyo, and Seoul. Its main headquarter is in Spain.
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APPAREL INDUSTRY:
Apparel industry has developed itself to be an organized industry from a scattered industry. With the industrial revolution, it has achieved a supremacy among all industries. High production of raw material like cotton, wool, and silk in all countries across the globe has given a boost to this industry. Textiles industry is a growing industry with a present worth of more than $400 billion. Industry has large opportunities as well as competition because of liberalization in business (Brun and Castelli, 2008). In the last one decade, global production of textile has increased by 50%. World apparel and textile industry is experiencing a transformation phase after the elimination of quota. Many new companies has been entered the market since then. China is the biggest player in this with 45% of global market share. But, because of its rising cost and risk perceptions in market, other countries are getting opportunities now. India also have 20% business globally. With efficient management control, vertical integration, cheaper labor cost and easily available resources this industry is rapidly increasing in India. Other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and Vietnam have textile manufacturing plants because of their lowest labor cost in the world. It is a major source of employment in these developing countries. They are helping to build more capacity in the manufacturing. In the western countries import is 80-90 % of whole consumptions.
Intense research has been taken place in recent time. Innovations helps a country to differentiate its product from competitors. Growth in the industry will continue for the upcoming years also because of growing demand, new market developing, expansion of modern business, boom in transportation, growth in manufacturing in eastern countries etc. This industry is going to be full of risk and lot of opportunities (Castelli and Sianesi, 2015). Partnership among different interest holders will be more prominent than the older traditional transactions through distributor relations. External factors like currency rates, environmental issues, and political situations can affect the rise or fall of the industry.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AFFECTING THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
There are three key agencies responsible for managing corporate sector regulations, these are: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) and Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). ACCC, established in 1995, is responsible to deal with matters of competitions. It has responsibilities of protection of consumers’ powers. ASIC is accountable to regulate corporate entities including consumer and investors’ protection for financial entities. It issues licenses to these entities to offer financial services and products. APRA controls the insurance companies, deposit holders and funds. It is responsible to ensure that financial institutions follow the laws related to companies and competitions.
Regulation is required to ensure that companies will follow legal environment and establish economic efficiencies in the country. There is a corporate law which deals with business entities working in Australia at interstate or federal level. It mainly focus on companies but some partnerships and investment schemes are also supervised by it. It is the main regulating legislation in the country(Crawford, 2004). It handles formation of the company and its operations like fundraising, takeovers etc. before 1960s, Australian government was not very much bothered about MNCs in their country but since then they started intervening in their management and operations. They started implementing lot of policies and ideology to control their management monopoly. Hosting government wanted to control their national economy which resulted in increasing restrictions on Zara in 2011. It also interfered with autonomous strategy process of the company. First and foremost control comes in fiscal and regulatory rules which limits the strategic freedom of the company. Second, the rules which impact the internal decision making mechanics of the company. It is a threat to managerial freedom. Collectively they are major infringement on autonomy of MNC strategic managers.
LIMITATIONS TO STRATEGIC FREEDOM:
Foreign investment has made local economy to be less responsive to such economic policies such as stimulation of increment or decrement in demand or production. Government is progressively moving towards strict regulations of whole apparel industrial sectors. This affects the company in local issues which are sensitive like product choice, market selection, technology use and balance in national trade. Australia has set sales and export volume conditions on the company explicitly resulting in establishment of manufacturing facilities locally in Australia. It also restricted sales of Zara products to 10% of previous year’s total market sale and forced its export volume to be at least 2/3rd of entire production in Australia. Zara agreed to enhance its product line without government authorization. It standardized the production requirement process from where the company buys raw material. These regulations restrict the strategic liberty but do not affect the managerial autonomy (Luo, 2004). Zara accepted some government constraints in new operations but it retained its full operational flexibility. By doing so, Zara handles product demand explicitly by deploying proper resources there.
THREATS TO MANAGERIAL AUTONOMY:
Government also tried to influence the management who decides these strategies. Government regularly demand joint ownership of subsidiaries of MNC. Workers’ schemes force the company to share their decision making with local worker constituencies even if they are local business people or governmental officials. Government demand to decentralize their decision making process of subsidiaries. They want to share process with local constituency.
TREATIES OR AGREEMENTS THAT HAS IMPACTED MNC PRODUCTS:
Whenever a company ventures into international territory there are several rules and regulations which it need to comply in order to establish a successful business and earn profits. Zara is no exception in this respect and while venturing into Australia there were several regulations which either positively or adversely impacted its business. In this section we are going to elaborate on some of the steps and polices implemented by the Australian government which impacted the business of Zara.
First of all Australia was one of the pioneers in the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST had a widespread impact on the profitability and logistics cost of different industries and apparel industry is no exception (Murphy and Li, 2015). Apparel industry has a long and elaborate supply chain which was previously facing several layers of taxation previously. With the advent of GST the multiple layers of taxation which was imposed was removed but the GST rate was fixed at a revenue neutral level. So although it did not reduce the cost of production but it reduced the tax burden on consumers. This became one of the prime drivers for the consumers to flock in numbers at Zara store for their products. It enabled Zara to boost its sales by a huge number and reached the sales targets in Australia in that particular year. This was one of the landmark policy decisions taken by Australian Government which had a long term impact on the sales of Zara and the apparel industry as a whole. Apart from this there were similar other treaties which had adverse impact on the apparel industry of Australia.Almost all of the apparel companies all over the world outsource their production or manufacturing capabilities to Bangladesh and similar other low wage countries. But the living conditions of the labors working for those multinationals are abysmal which prompted the world human rights organization to sign safety accord among the apparel manufacturers. Although big brands like Zara and likes agreed to the accord there were several local Australian players which refused to fall in line. This had a bad impact on the perception of people towards the Australian apparel industry. This had its ripple effects on the Australia business of Zara. Sales were down for few years as Zara was grappling with this regulatory issue (Osland and Björkman, 2008). It had to invest heavily on promotional campaigns and other brand building exercise which enabled them to regain their lost glory in the Australian market. This is an example where a regulatory change adversely impacted the business of Zara. So it can be said that regulatory changes can have both positive as well as adverse effect on the business impacts of a business depending on the circumstances, country and situation. Therefore the top management of any company should be agile enough to look for opportunities which can safeguard companies from adverse regulatory impacts.This in short details two cases where an apparel maker like Zara was adversely impacted and also positively influenced as far as its profitability and business sustainability is concerned.
CONCLUSION:
A company expands to gain profits from international market but there are always some factors which affect its smooth operations and managements. Zara is an international brand which is a leader in fashion industry. Entering a new country might introduce new problem to the any business leader. A cooperation is required between the host government and the guest company which results in the benefit of both. Zara adapted some rules and tried to manipulate its strategies accordingly to capture the market. It provided local employment which resulted in GDP growth or per capita income increment for Australia.
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Place Your OrderBIBLIOGRAPHY:
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De Brito, M.P., Carbone, V. and Blanquart, C.M. (2008) ‘Towards a sustainable fashion retail supply chain in Europe: Organisation and performance’, International Journal of Production Economics, 114(2), pp. 534–553. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.06.012.
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Brun, A. and Castelli, C. (2008) ‘Supply chain strategy in the fashion industry: Developing a portfolio model depending on product, retail channel and brand’, International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2), pp. 169–181. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.09.011.
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Castelli, C.M. and Sianesi, A. (2015) ‘Supply chain strategy for companies in the luxury-fashion market’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 43(10/11), pp. 940–966. Doi: 10.1108/ijrdm-07-2014-0106.
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Goodman, E. (2005) ‘How Zara fashions its supply chain’, Strategic Direction, 21(10), pp. 28–31. Doi: 10.1108/02580540510626709.
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Crawford, J.C. (2004) ‘The multinational company’, Industrial Marketing Management, 13(1), p. 54. doi: 10.1016/0019-8501(84)90010-5.
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Luo, Y. (2004) ‘A coopetition perspective of MNC–host government relations’, Journal of International Management, 10(4), pp. 431–451. doi: 10.1016/j.intman.2004.08.004.
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Murphy, W.H. and Li, N. (2015) ‘Government, company, and dyadic factors affecting key account management performance in china: Propositions to provoke research’, Industrial Marketing Management, 51, pp. 115–121. doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.05.007.
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Osland, G. and Björkman, I. (2008) ‘MNC–host government interaction:’, European Management Journal, 16(1), pp. 91–100. doi: 10.1016/s0263-2373(97)00077-7.
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