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Organizational Behavior Report: The case of Commerce Bank of Canada
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The case of Commerce Bank of Canada is totally related with the issue of the behavior of employees at work. Herein, the major issues are happening between Karen and Ingrid. Here, Karen is a customer service manager whereas Ingrid is a customer service representative. There is a huge gap exit between these both employees. Karen is young and girl with positive outlook. In comparison to this, Ingrid is old and has a very traditional outlook. This kind of difference between manager and representative of customer service is developing the issue of ineffective relationship between the employees who works within the enterprise.
Herein, from the given case it is examined that Ingrid does not take any kind of instruction from Karen and it may be because she have the issue of age and experience. Furthermore, it is also examined that there is an issue related with the manner of taking leave within firm.
Here, in the given case it is examined that while taking leave Ingrid has not followed systematic and formal procedure. This might be because bank of commerce does not have any formal procedure regarding the same. Thus, it is required by the firm that it should develop some formal procedures in relation to the same. This is because; the given type of thing will tend to cause a negative impact upon the environment of company in an effectual manner. It has been seen that if in case if a majority of employees who are working within the bank will take leave without giving prior information then in the given situation the smooth going work of the corporation will be affected in a negative way. The significant effect of the same will be seen on sales and profitability related condition.
Another issue is related with not complying with the complaint procedure of bank. Herein, it is identified that Ingrid has put up complaint against the manager of bank named Karen. Here she has stated that Karen is stopping her for getting personal and professional development training. The complaint procedure of enterprise depict that at first manager should send complaint to the manager which she has done. But if in case employee is not satisfied with the decision of manager at that time it should raise its complaint in front of human resource department of organization. But the respective case revealed that Ingrid has ignored all these aspects and has submitted her complaint directly to the higher officials.
Thus, with an aim to resolve these issue suggestions are given to both Karen as well as top officials of bank. Here at first it is recommended to Karen that it should bring change in its style of manager people and should handle critical situations in an autocratic way. This is because; it is by complying with the given type of activity only, Karen could effectively handle the employees like Ingrid. Further, the given type of change will also brought positive changes within firm which will ultimately leads to high sales and profit.
Besides this, it is suggested to commerce bank that it should bring some formal procedure for the leave application. Otherwise, the given thing will lead to cause negative impact upon the operation of enterprises in an effectual way. Therefore, these all are the major issues and recommendations which are given in the report. By working in accordance with the given aspect operational efficiency of bank can be enhanced.
Herein, from the given case it is examined that Ingrid does not take any kind of instruction from Karen and it may be because she have the issue of age and experience. Furthermore, it is also examined that there is an issue related with the manner of taking leave within firm.
Here, in the given case it is examined that while taking leave Ingrid has not followed systematic and formal procedure. This might be because bank of commerce does not have any formal procedure regarding the same. Thus, it is required by the firm that it should develop some formal procedures in relation to the same. This is because; the given type of thing will tend to cause a negative impact upon the environment of company in an effectual manner. It has been seen that if in case if a majority of employees who are working within the bank will take leave without giving prior information then in the given situation the smooth going work of the corporation will be affected in a negative way. The significant effect of the same will be seen on sales and profitability related condition.
Another issue is related with not complying with the complaint procedure of bank. Herein, it is identified that Ingrid has put up complaint against the manager of bank named Karen. Here she has stated that Karen is stopping her for getting personal and professional development training. The complaint procedure of enterprise depict that at first manager should send complaint to the manager which she has done. But if in case employee is not satisfied with the decision of manager at that time it should raise its complaint in front of human resource department of organization. But the respective case revealed that Ingrid has ignored all these aspects and has submitted her complaint directly to the higher officials.
Thus, with an aim to resolve these issue suggestions are given to both Karen as well as top officials of bank. Here at first it is recommended to Karen that it should bring change in its style of manager people and should handle critical situations in an autocratic way. This is because; it is by complying with the given type of activity only, Karen could effectively handle the employees like Ingrid. Further, the given type of change will also brought positive changes within firm which will ultimately leads to high sales and profit.
Besides this, it is suggested to commerce bank that it should bring some formal procedure for the leave application. Otherwise, the given thing will lead to cause negative impact upon the operation of enterprises in an effectual way. Therefore, these all are the major issues and recommendations which are given in the report. By working in accordance with the given aspect operational efficiency of bank can be enhanced.
INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior (OB) is the practice of studying the behavior which is being carried out by the employees in enterprises (Kitchin, 2017). It is very necessary for the manager that it should keep eye upon the type of behavior which is being carried out by its employees. This is because; respective thing will assist enterprises in taking right and effective decision about its employees. Further, by understanding the behavior of employees firm could form different type of tactics which leads to provide benefit to employees.
This present report is based on the case study of The Commerce Bank of Canada especially Chatham Branch. There are number of issues have been occurring in the respective branch between employees and manager. Thus, the given thing is causing major impact upon the operation of company. In this regard, this report will evaluate the situation at Commerce Bank and will point out different issues associated with employee behavior. Furthermore, after evaluating the situation of bank number of recommendation will be suggested to Karen Leitch and Commerce bank. By working in accordance with given suggestions bank could make improvement in its services and could enhance its capacity to earn high profit and sale.
This present report is based on the case study of The Commerce Bank of Canada especially Chatham Branch. There are number of issues have been occurring in the respective branch between employees and manager. Thus, the given thing is causing major impact upon the operation of company. In this regard, this report will evaluate the situation at Commerce Bank and will point out different issues associated with employee behavior. Furthermore, after evaluating the situation of bank number of recommendation will be suggested to Karen Leitch and Commerce bank. By working in accordance with given suggestions bank could make improvement in its services and could enhance its capacity to earn high profit and sale.
EVALUATING THE SITUATION AT COMMERCE BANK OF CANADA
The situation at Commerce Bank of Canada in relation to the type of behavior which is being carried out by the employees is evaluated. With an aim to do the same different points are generated.
Relationship at work
Any firm can achieve success in market if its employees work in unity and have respect for each other (Burrell & Morgan, 2017). However, in the respective case it is seen that relationship between customer service manager and customer service representative is not effective. Karen Leitch who is Customer service manager is very young and has a very positive attitude towards life. Karen has recently joined the Chatham branch of bank and possesses very less experience in the respective field. But, Ingrid Cornor is very old employees and has been associated with bank from 25 years. Ingrid does not like Karen from very first day of her joining. Furthermore, whenever Karen gives instruction to Ingrid at that time she gives responses in a negative manner and always resists Karen decision. Such type of thing is hampering the work culture of bank. The attitude of Ingrid towards Karen is like that because she might not accepting Karen who is very young and holds upper position than her.
This is because, it has been evaluated that there are many circumstances happens in organization in which factor such as age hampers relationship between employers and employees. This is because, an individuals who have so much of experience in any field does not like to take instruction from other who have very less experience than them. This is due to the fact that, taking instruction from young people will be the matter of disrespect for those people who has been associated with company from last many years. Thus, this might be the reason due to which the relationship between Karen and Ingrid is hampering. Due to this, significant impact will be seen on the operation of firm (Pereira, Malik & Froese, 2017). However, the case depict that Karen is handling the attitude of Ingrid in a very calm and composite manner which is a very good thing. If manager would also react like its employees at that time drastic impact will be seen upon the operation of enterprise.
Ineffective segregation of job responsibility
The situation of Commerce Bank of Canada can be further evaluated with the aspect of job responsibility. The case depict that Michelle who is another old employees of bank has been working on two positions along with Ingrid. These both people have signed an agreement for the same. But, now Ingrid is facing lots of stress at work due to work overload. This is because; Ingrid has to handle the work of customer service representative as well as utility clerk simultaneously. In this context, it has been evaluated that it is the responsibility of manager that it should distribute the work of organization equally between employees. This is because, if it is not done then the given thing will leads to increase stress level among employee. This is happening with Ingrid in the given case. Thus, as a result of its employees will not be able to give their best performance to the corporation. But, the case also revealed that both Ingrid and Michelle have taken a decision to work on two positions. Thus, in the respective situation Karen who is the manager of bank will not be in fault. Further, Karen also tried to resolve the issue and for which she had a conversation with both, but later on both individuals has taken their complaint back and ready to work on the two positions.
Not following the instruction given by manager
With an aim to take an effective decision within enterprise, manager of firm will require support and commitment from all its employees. Here, employees can provide support to their manager by submitting and completing their work within a given specified time limit. Thus, in the decision making process employees tends to play very effectual role. This is due to the fact that it is with the help of employees only manager of firm can take varied type of decision which will ultimately leads to cause positive impact upon the sales and profitability condition of an enterprises in an effectual manner.
Besides this, in the case of commerce bank it is examined that Ingrid is not following the instructions which is being given by Karen. Herein, on weekly basis all the employees of bank have to fill some referral sheet. All employees had filled this sheet except Ingrid. However, when Karen had asked about the same to Ingrid at that time she shouted very rudely and loudly upon Karen that she had not filled this sheet from last 25 years and now also she will not fill. The kind of behavior which is being carried out by Ingrid is not appropriate. This is because, in spite of thing that your manager is young and has less experience it is the responsibility of employees that they should follow the instruction which is being given by manager.
However, in case if employees does not work as per given instruction at that time manager should take some type of strict action which will give lesson to the employees like Ingrid (Paull & Whitsed, 2018). This is because; if action is not taken then in future Karen could face such type of behavior from other employees also. But, in the given case it is seen that in respective situation also Karen has reacted in a very calm and composite manner. It has been evaluated that it is good that manager should behave in a composite manner but this does not mean that she should handle all situations in firm in a similar way. This is due to the fact that the given things will tend to cause negative impact upon the decision which manager has to take in future. The overall impact of the same will be seen on the sales and profitability related condition of enterprises.
Absence of formal procedure to take leave
On the basis of analyzing respective case, it is identified that the Commerce Bank of Canada does not possess any formal way to apply for the leave application. The given thing will lead to cause impact upon the environment of company. Furthermore, this thing will also have an effect on the operation which is being carried out by the enterprise. In this regard, it is examined that it is very important for the firm that it should possess some kind of formal system in different aspects such as application for leave, complaint and recommendation etc. This is because, through this way management of employees will became easier. Further, due to the given thing the negative impact upon the operation of firm can be reduced. This is because; on daily basis each and every firm has some targets which they need to complete it within a specified period of time. Thus, in case if any employee would take leave without informing the manager of firm then in the given situation all the operation of firm will be affected negatively. However, in case of formal leave system such problem does not occur. This is because, in the respective situation employee will take prior permission of leave from its manager. Thus, in given circumstances employer will have sufficient time to manage the work of firm with some other employees (Erbasi, 2017).
Thus, such type of situation is also being seen in the Commerce Bank of Canada case. Here, Ingrid had taken stress leave without giving prior information about the same to Karen. Here, Ingrid had just put the leave for application on the desk of a receptionist. The leave states that she is taking leave due to high level of stress at work. This might be happening because she was handling the work of two positions simultaneously. However, during the time when Ingrid was on long day leave the whole atmosphere of organization is very calm and composed. Furthermore, every employee seems very happy in her absence and has been following the instructions which are being given by the manager of bank in an effectual way. But, still the attitude which is being shown by Ingrid while taking leave is not correct. This is because; if such attitude is ignored then in future other employees would also repeat the similar type of thing. This is not the correct approach for carrying out the work of an organization in an effectual way.
Not followed the firm’s procedure in relation to the complaint
As mentioned above it is very necessary for the firm that it should follow the procedure-related with the complaint. For every employee it is essential that it should go with the formal complaint procedures. This is due to the fact that there are many complaints which are not so big. Thus, the time of company will be wasted if every complaint goes with the CEO of the company. Hence, it is due the presence of given aspect it is being required by the firm that it should follow the systematic approach for handling the complaints of employees.
In the given case, it is examined that Ingrid had not followed systematic complaint procedure of firm. Here, she had complaint that Karen who is the manager of bank is not giving her opportunity for personal and professional development. Ingrid told about the same from Karen also but Karen told her that you should do this but please change the timings of your accounts tuitions. This means that Karen has not denied with the aspect such as personal and professional development of Ingrid. But, she took the complaint to the CSCM office and said wrong thing to them that the Karen is not giving her opportunity for personal and professional development. Here, it has been evaluated that before going to CSCM office Ingrid should make discussion about the same with Karen and in case if she is not satisfied with the decision of Karen then in this situation she should sent her compliant to the HR department of firm. Thus, these all things tend to depict that Ingrid is breaking rules from very long period of time. Further, employees who are working within the enterprise are also not much impressed with the attitude of Karen in an effectual way (Kim, Kim & Reid, 2017).
Relationship at work
Any firm can achieve success in market if its employees work in unity and have respect for each other (Burrell & Morgan, 2017). However, in the respective case it is seen that relationship between customer service manager and customer service representative is not effective. Karen Leitch who is Customer service manager is very young and has a very positive attitude towards life. Karen has recently joined the Chatham branch of bank and possesses very less experience in the respective field. But, Ingrid Cornor is very old employees and has been associated with bank from 25 years. Ingrid does not like Karen from very first day of her joining. Furthermore, whenever Karen gives instruction to Ingrid at that time she gives responses in a negative manner and always resists Karen decision. Such type of thing is hampering the work culture of bank. The attitude of Ingrid towards Karen is like that because she might not accepting Karen who is very young and holds upper position than her.
This is because, it has been evaluated that there are many circumstances happens in organization in which factor such as age hampers relationship between employers and employees. This is because, an individuals who have so much of experience in any field does not like to take instruction from other who have very less experience than them. This is due to the fact that, taking instruction from young people will be the matter of disrespect for those people who has been associated with company from last many years. Thus, this might be the reason due to which the relationship between Karen and Ingrid is hampering. Due to this, significant impact will be seen on the operation of firm (Pereira, Malik & Froese, 2017). However, the case depict that Karen is handling the attitude of Ingrid in a very calm and composite manner which is a very good thing. If manager would also react like its employees at that time drastic impact will be seen upon the operation of enterprise.
Ineffective segregation of job responsibility
The situation of Commerce Bank of Canada can be further evaluated with the aspect of job responsibility. The case depict that Michelle who is another old employees of bank has been working on two positions along with Ingrid. These both people have signed an agreement for the same. But, now Ingrid is facing lots of stress at work due to work overload. This is because; Ingrid has to handle the work of customer service representative as well as utility clerk simultaneously. In this context, it has been evaluated that it is the responsibility of manager that it should distribute the work of organization equally between employees. This is because, if it is not done then the given thing will leads to increase stress level among employee. This is happening with Ingrid in the given case. Thus, as a result of its employees will not be able to give their best performance to the corporation. But, the case also revealed that both Ingrid and Michelle have taken a decision to work on two positions. Thus, in the respective situation Karen who is the manager of bank will not be in fault. Further, Karen also tried to resolve the issue and for which she had a conversation with both, but later on both individuals has taken their complaint back and ready to work on the two positions.
Not following the instruction given by manager
With an aim to take an effective decision within enterprise, manager of firm will require support and commitment from all its employees. Here, employees can provide support to their manager by submitting and completing their work within a given specified time limit. Thus, in the decision making process employees tends to play very effectual role. This is due to the fact that it is with the help of employees only manager of firm can take varied type of decision which will ultimately leads to cause positive impact upon the sales and profitability condition of an enterprises in an effectual manner.
Besides this, in the case of commerce bank it is examined that Ingrid is not following the instructions which is being given by Karen. Herein, on weekly basis all the employees of bank have to fill some referral sheet. All employees had filled this sheet except Ingrid. However, when Karen had asked about the same to Ingrid at that time she shouted very rudely and loudly upon Karen that she had not filled this sheet from last 25 years and now also she will not fill. The kind of behavior which is being carried out by Ingrid is not appropriate. This is because, in spite of thing that your manager is young and has less experience it is the responsibility of employees that they should follow the instruction which is being given by manager.
However, in case if employees does not work as per given instruction at that time manager should take some type of strict action which will give lesson to the employees like Ingrid (Paull & Whitsed, 2018). This is because; if action is not taken then in future Karen could face such type of behavior from other employees also. But, in the given case it is seen that in respective situation also Karen has reacted in a very calm and composite manner. It has been evaluated that it is good that manager should behave in a composite manner but this does not mean that she should handle all situations in firm in a similar way. This is due to the fact that the given things will tend to cause negative impact upon the decision which manager has to take in future. The overall impact of the same will be seen on the sales and profitability related condition of enterprises.
Absence of formal procedure to take leave
On the basis of analyzing respective case, it is identified that the Commerce Bank of Canada does not possess any formal way to apply for the leave application. The given thing will lead to cause impact upon the environment of company. Furthermore, this thing will also have an effect on the operation which is being carried out by the enterprise. In this regard, it is examined that it is very important for the firm that it should possess some kind of formal system in different aspects such as application for leave, complaint and recommendation etc. This is because, through this way management of employees will became easier. Further, due to the given thing the negative impact upon the operation of firm can be reduced. This is because; on daily basis each and every firm has some targets which they need to complete it within a specified period of time. Thus, in case if any employee would take leave without informing the manager of firm then in the given situation all the operation of firm will be affected negatively. However, in case of formal leave system such problem does not occur. This is because, in the respective situation employee will take prior permission of leave from its manager. Thus, in given circumstances employer will have sufficient time to manage the work of firm with some other employees (Erbasi, 2017).
Thus, such type of situation is also being seen in the Commerce Bank of Canada case. Here, Ingrid had taken stress leave without giving prior information about the same to Karen. Here, Ingrid had just put the leave for application on the desk of a receptionist. The leave states that she is taking leave due to high level of stress at work. This might be happening because she was handling the work of two positions simultaneously. However, during the time when Ingrid was on long day leave the whole atmosphere of organization is very calm and composed. Furthermore, every employee seems very happy in her absence and has been following the instructions which are being given by the manager of bank in an effectual way. But, still the attitude which is being shown by Ingrid while taking leave is not correct. This is because; if such attitude is ignored then in future other employees would also repeat the similar type of thing. This is not the correct approach for carrying out the work of an organization in an effectual way.
Not followed the firm’s procedure in relation to the complaint
As mentioned above it is very necessary for the firm that it should follow the procedure-related with the complaint. For every employee it is essential that it should go with the formal complaint procedures. This is due to the fact that there are many complaints which are not so big. Thus, the time of company will be wasted if every complaint goes with the CEO of the company. Hence, it is due the presence of given aspect it is being required by the firm that it should follow the systematic approach for handling the complaints of employees.
In the given case, it is examined that Ingrid had not followed systematic complaint procedure of firm. Here, she had complaint that Karen who is the manager of bank is not giving her opportunity for personal and professional development. Ingrid told about the same from Karen also but Karen told her that you should do this but please change the timings of your accounts tuitions. This means that Karen has not denied with the aspect such as personal and professional development of Ingrid. But, she took the complaint to the CSCM office and said wrong thing to them that the Karen is not giving her opportunity for personal and professional development. Here, it has been evaluated that before going to CSCM office Ingrid should make discussion about the same with Karen and in case if she is not satisfied with the decision of Karen then in this situation she should sent her compliant to the HR department of firm. Thus, these all things tend to depict that Ingrid is breaking rules from very long period of time. Further, employees who are working within the enterprise are also not much impressed with the attitude of Karen in an effectual way (Kim, Kim & Reid, 2017).
RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE KAREN LEITCH
After evaluating the case of Commerce Bank of Canada, number of recommendations is suggested to the Karen Leitch who is the manager of customer service department. These are all detailed in below:
• At first it is suggested to the Karen that she should her style of managing the people. Here, in the case it is examined that Karen is democratic type of leadership wherein it is trying to handle the problems of employees in a very calm and composed manner. This is good type of managing approach. But, the democratic type of leadership does not work well in all the circumstances. This is because, there are certain situations in which manager of firm will have to show its strict and tight attitude among its employees. This is done with an aim to carry out work from the employees in an effectual way. However, in the given case Ingrid who is the old employee of firm is showing inappropriate behavior to Karen. Further, she is also not taking the instructions which are being given by her. Thus, in order to handle the behavior of people like her, Karen at first should give warning. But in case if she still repeats such behavior then she should complaint about her to top officials.
• It is required by Karen that she should have knowledge about each and everything which happens within firm. But, the case depict that she was not aware about the fact that both Ingrid and Michelle are sharing their work. Furthermore, it is required that Karen should distribute equal work between all its employees. This is because, if given thing is not considered at that time it will lead to give rise to the conflicting situation within firm.
• At first it is suggested to the Karen that she should her style of managing the people. Here, in the case it is examined that Karen is democratic type of leadership wherein it is trying to handle the problems of employees in a very calm and composed manner. This is good type of managing approach. But, the democratic type of leadership does not work well in all the circumstances. This is because, there are certain situations in which manager of firm will have to show its strict and tight attitude among its employees. This is done with an aim to carry out work from the employees in an effectual way. However, in the given case Ingrid who is the old employee of firm is showing inappropriate behavior to Karen. Further, she is also not taking the instructions which are being given by her. Thus, in order to handle the behavior of people like her, Karen at first should give warning. But in case if she still repeats such behavior then she should complaint about her to top officials.
• It is required by Karen that she should have knowledge about each and everything which happens within firm. But, the case depict that she was not aware about the fact that both Ingrid and Michelle are sharing their work. Furthermore, it is required that Karen should distribute equal work between all its employees. This is because, if given thing is not considered at that time it will lead to give rise to the conflicting situation within firm.
RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE COMMERCE BANK
• It is recommended that before reaching on to the final decision in relation to any complaint which is being given by employees of firm, it is being required by top officials that they should gather full information that whether employees of firm has followed full procedure of handling complaint or not. This is because, in case if firm has not followed full procedure at that time top officials should take strict action towards the person who have given complaint. Thus, in the given case Ingrid found guilty because she had not followed the systematic procedure for handling complaint in an effectual way.
• It is also suggested that Commerce back should communicate the systematic way of taking leave within firm. This is because, it is by complying with given type of activity only significant improvement in the environment of enterprise will be carried out. Furthermore, the given thing will also cause positive impact upon the operation of enterprise in future.
• It is also suggested that Commerce back should communicate the systematic way of taking leave within firm. This is because, it is by complying with given type of activity only significant improvement in the environment of enterprise will be carried out. Furthermore, the given thing will also cause positive impact upon the operation of enterprise in future.
CONCLUSION
Articulating all the facts, it can be depicted that managing the behavior of the employee at firm is a very big and difficult topic. This is because of the varied nature of employees who are working within firm. However, it is also required by the manager that it should not rely upon the single approach for managing the behavior of employees at work. Thus, it is necessary that manager should make constant change in its style of managing the people in an effectual way. This is due to the fact that it is by complying with the given type of activity only manager could handle the work of its enterprises in an effectual way. This thing will have positive effect upon the operation of firm.
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Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (2017). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge.
Erbasi, A. (2017). THE INVESTIGATION OF HOTEL EMPLOYEES’GREEN ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR TENDENCIES IN TERMS OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.
Kim, M., Kim, A. C. H., & Reid, C. (2017). Positive organisational behaviour in NCAA Division I football: a head coach's authentic leadership and assistant coaches' psychological constructs. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 17(1-2), 121-143.
Kitchin, D. (2017). An introduction to organisational behaviour for managers and engineers: A group and multicultural approach. Routledge.
Paull, M., & Whitsed, C. (2018). Why authenticity in corporate and employee volunteering matters for employee engagement: an organisational behaviour perspective. In Disciplining the Undisciplined? (pp. 193-210). Springer, Cham.
Pereira, V., Malik, A., & Froese, F. J. (2017). Mapping the impact of Asian business systems on HRM and organisational behaviour: multi-level comparative perspectives. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 11(3), 253-261.
Erbasi, A. (2017). THE INVESTIGATION OF HOTEL EMPLOYEES’GREEN ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR TENDENCIES IN TERMS OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.
Kim, M., Kim, A. C. H., & Reid, C. (2017). Positive organisational behaviour in NCAA Division I football: a head coach's authentic leadership and assistant coaches' psychological constructs. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 17(1-2), 121-143.
Kitchin, D. (2017). An introduction to organisational behaviour for managers and engineers: A group and multicultural approach. Routledge.
Paull, M., & Whitsed, C. (2018). Why authenticity in corporate and employee volunteering matters for employee engagement: an organisational behaviour perspective. In Disciplining the Undisciplined? (pp. 193-210). Springer, Cham.
Pereira, V., Malik, A., & Froese, F. J. (2017). Mapping the impact of Asian business systems on HRM and organisational behaviour: multi-level comparative perspectives. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 11(3), 253-261.
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