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Key Topics
- Requirement
- Solution
- Introduction
- Ethics and its relation with the behaviour of people that the law governs and by the freedom of choice
- The utilitarian approach
- The individualism approach
- The moral rights approach
- The justice approach
- Ethical behavior in an organization.
- Factors shaping ethical decision-making of manager
- Reference
Requirement
Define ethics and explain how ethical behaviour relates to behaviour governed by law and free choice
Briefly explain the utilitarian, individualism, moral rights and justice approaches for evaluating ethical behaviour.
Solution
Introduction
In this CA I will be talking about (1) Definition of the ethics and the way they relate to the behaviour of people that the law governs and by the freedom of choice. (2) And I will also explain the utilitarian, moral rights, justice and individualism approaches for doing an evaluation of the ethical behavior. (3) The factors that shape ethical decision-making of a manager. (4) Lastly, I will talk about that how leadership and the structure and systems of the organization help in creating the ethical organizations.
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Ethics and its relation with the behaviour of people that the law governs and by the freedom of choice
Ethics is a broad concept that cannot be confined to a particular definition. Ethics are defined as the principles, values that govern the behaviors of a person or a group in relation to ‘rights' and ‘wrongs'. Now talking about Behaviour, it can be classified into three different categories which include a codified law domain where the standards and the values are written into the legal system and which has already been passed in the law. The second domain is the free choice domain that is there at the end of the diagrams below. Here the free choice is related to the behavior where the law does not have the power and the individual people, and the company has free will. The domain of ethics lies between the codified law and the free choice domain. There is no particular law in this domain of ethics, but still, there exists a standard of conduct that depends on the shared principles and the values that act as a guide to the people and the organization.
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Most dilemmas related to ethics involve conflict between the various needs of individuals and organizations and in some cases, the organization and the entire society. The manager takes advantage of the normative strategy for guiding their decision making.
The approaches evaluating the ethical behaviour
The utilitarian approach
The utilitarian approach holds moral behaviors to produce the most influential results in relation to positive morals which can also be known as utilitarianism, a moral principle that says correct actions are that actions which give a greater amount of benefits than most of the people.
The individualism approach
This Individualism approach can also be referred to as egoism, compete that acts are moral, positive or negative moral, when the best interest of an individual for a long time are encouraged. The people analyze that what is the best advantage to them for the long term and then they evaluate it for measuring the decision’s goodness. That action should be performed which is producing a comparatively more proportion of good for the people than the other alternatives.
The moral rights approach
The fundamental human rights of the people that nobody can take away from them are known as the moral rights. When the interference with other people’s fundamental rights is avoided, then it is said to be an ethically taken decision. There are levels of the individual moral approach that are: the preconventional level, the conventional level, and the principled level. Also, the thus approach has four stages: individual characteristics, the organization’s structural design, the organizations’ culture and the intensity of the ethical issues. The individuals move on with the stages of the moral development consecutively. But the continued moral development cannot be guaranteed. So when the people focus on maintaining the rights of the people who are affected by their decisions, then the person is said to have taken the ethically correct decision. They have to take care of the rights like right to privacy, free consent, freedom, the right to free speech, the right to due process, right to safety and life, etc.
The justice approach
The fairness standards, equity and impartially describe this approach. There are three justices in this that the manger takes care of. Distributive justice is that in which the arbitrary characteristics does not determine that how the different people will be treated. Then in procedural justice, the rules are fairly administered. The rules have to be stated clearly, and it is enforced consistently and impartially. Then the compensatory justice is that where the people are given compensation of the cost of the injuries by the responsible party. The people are not held accountable for the things on which they don’t have any control. The company makes the rules for the people that are enforced by the company in a fair manner, and they also don’t become partial to anyone. All the people have to follow the legal rules and the regulations. When this is done, the interests of the stakeholders that are underrepresented are protected along with the employees’ rights.
The arbitrary characteristics of people should not decide that how the people should be treated. When there are substantive differences among people, then their treatment should be as per the difference among them. The company should enforce the rules without differentiating among the people. The party who is responsible for the injury of the individuals, they should give compensation to them. The people should follow the rules, and they should respect the code of ethics that is set up by the organizations.
Ethical behavior in an organization.
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Code of ethics and decision rules should be established
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The managers should lead by examples
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Ethical training should be provided
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Support for individuals who are challenged by ethical dilemma should be provided
Factors shaping ethical decision-making of manager
There are specific personalities and behavioral traits that individual managers bring to their role, the influence of the family, the personal needs and the religious background. The managers make the ethical decisions on the basis of their specific characteristics of the personality like the confidence of people, their ego strength, sense of independence, etc.
There are levels to this:
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Preconventional: At this stage, the manager is more bothered about the external rewards and the punishment and also to obey authority to avoid any personal damages.
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Conventional level: In this level, the managers conform to the good behavior expectations which are defined by the friends, family, society, and colleagues.
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Post-conventional level: This level is the principle level, and here the standards made by the people are internal. It is common that the people are disobeying rules in this, and they are violating the principles. The values that are internal to the people, they give them more importance than significant others. Majorly all the managers work at this level.
The contribution of leadership and organizational structure and systems in creating ethical organisations
It is the responsibility of the management that it makes and supports the conditions that makes people behave in a particular way and which is a more common cause of the behavior of people. The managers should do something so that the company is on the ethical footing and work on it. The methods of the management for helping the companies should be more responsive to the code of ethics, the structures of the ethics, skills for leadership and support to the whistle-blowers.
Organizational structure brings up to the way an organization positions people and their jobs so that its work can be performed and its goal can be met.
The Larger part of the culture of the company is formed by the ethical culture which represents the cultural aspects that affect the thinking of employees, and hence they act in the situations that are related to the ethics. There are many employees who rely on the outside sources to determine that how they should act and thinks. The use of ethical culture is that it helps in determining whether the thing they do is right or wrong. The people of the company are socialized in the culture of the company, and they also internalize the values that are consistent with their internal beliefs, so this helps them to make a smooth transition.
In the multisystem framework of the ethical culture, there are many organizational systems at the formal and informal level. For the full alignment of the ethical culture, there should be consistent messages sent to the employees that give them directions for the ethical behavior. There is a range of cultures that are aligned from strongly ethical cultures to the unethical cultures.
This is the factor that can affect employee ethics
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Organization’s culture is one of them; there is one of the approaches to managers established and to withstand the shared values of the company.
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Another is the purpose shared values that are involved in providing guidance to the managerial decision, shaping the behavior of employees and influencing the marketing efforts direction. It is also into building the team spirit of people.
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The third is the bottom line on shared corporate value, an organization’s value are reflected in the decisions and action of its employees.
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