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Methodology and methods of Literature Review Research
This chapter outlines the methodological approach toward the literature review that was assembled evidence while reviewing existing literature from various primary sources. A comprehensive literature review was prepared by reviewing various primary sources that related to type 2 diabetes mellitus and related disorders. The literature extracted from the primary sources and used a plethora of informational sources like The British Nursing Index (BNI), Cumulative Index to Nursing and the Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Cochrane library SCOPUS were first reviewed via the De Montfort University library resource. Electronic databases have been utilized extensively as a better means of accessing the information required, for it gives a commendable command of the topic to be searched from relevant journals. Additionally, it allows better searching of terms along with key words. (Maslin- Prothero, 2010). CINAHL adopts the usage of standardized terminology and has a myriad of journal articles for helping the user. (Hack and Gwyer, 2013)
Further, the Cochrane library contains a large range of high-quality of literature resources that were screened thoroughly to maintain the high quality of evidence as well as clinical applicability. (Courtney and McCutcheon, 2010). Similarly, SCOPUS has a the largest compilation of the peer-reviewed abstracts along with citation literature. (Baporikar, 2014).The primary source articles were searched using the key terms that were relevant to the subject of concern. The articles that were chosen were peer-reviewed qualitative studies and had solid links to the subject being researched. This was followed by a systematic approach that was implemented for researching articles from the primary sources. The search for the bibliographic databases, during the literature search, were limited to 2007 to 2015. This filtration ensured that a better and a relevant literature was used along with up to date, current and detailed practice. The material used escpially the abstract and the conclusion of selected articles were investigated for further verification of the relevancy and correctness of the research criteria.
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The literature materials with the qualitative methods were primarily used for this research. As per Stevens et al. (2001) that was cited by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN, 2009), the health services should be provided on the basis of the best accessible form of the evidence instead of relying on the tradition and customs. The nurses should be engaged for conducting a high-quality research for obtaining the best form of evidence (RCN 2009). Additionally, a thorough understanding of evidence-based research and their benefits along with understanding of the key issues in the research ethics which ultimately underpins the research practices (RCN, 2009). Further as per the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2015) has stated that the nurses should practice as per the best evidence available. And they should be fully aware and be able to make the best use of the current evidence and information which can help to minimize the chances the error and its impacts on the service users along with the whole healthcare (NMC, 2015). Furthermore the nurses as well the students should participate actively in the research for administering quality healthcare following various university training along placements as it is promoted and encouraged by the NMC (2015) by providing specific guidelines and policy to those interested in the research.
The research used in this literature review included literature with qualitative methods. The use of qualitative methods in a study provides rewarding, informative as well as rich visions into the experiences that are related to health and illness of the humans in general. The use of these qualitative methods can be beneficial to the practitioner who are not experienced enough as it gives insights to the experiences that are gained by the patients and clients of the healthcare (Glasper and Rees, 2013). This helps the practitioner as it helps the to build a sympathetic and sensitive attitude with high understanding on administering care (Glasper and Rees, 2013) and helps the practitioner to understand the human experiences in a detailed manner.(Houser, 2008).
Holloway and Wheeler (2010) further added that the qualitative methods are parallel to the nurses' methodology as it is also person-centered therefore adopting a holistic approach. But the qualitative despite being so beneficial have certain shortcomings like the conclusions of the qualitative approached research cannot be trusted fully. (Glasper and Rees, 2013)
Although the quantitative research methods help to minimize the errors via various factors like sufficient samples, objective analysis , representative samples, and sufficient duration (Howlett et al., 2014) but cannot be used mainly in the dissertations. The reason of their less wide use is that the measurable outcomes are not sufficient when an alternative intervention is to be considered. Further more there is a need of taking various factors like choices of service users and the quality of care into deep consideration (Glasper and Rees, 2013).
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Inclusion Criteria
The evidence collected for the inclusion criteria were related to adult nursing and very specifically directed towards the type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbidities in the United Kingdom (UK). While conducting the research for the articles the current, up to date and best sources were considered and published in English with a clear, systematic methodology. For conducting these researches the electronic bibliographic databases specific to the type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbidities were used comprehensively. Many journal articles and researches were retrieved from the De Mont fort University library resource that was assessed using the internet. These journals used in the study were the scholarly journals and had an abstract which helps to summarize the whole paper which benefitted in deciding the impact of the paper. Further more, the journals as well as the research papers were peer-reviewed in the qualitative studies and were thoroughly scrutinized by experts in the related field of nursing. Further, the research related keywords were used to search relevant sources for the detailed discussion of the paper. Further, it was made sure that the researches were updated and current by limiting the research to the time duration of 2007- 2015. This helped to include relevant and informative papers in the subject of study. Further, the abstract, as well as the conclusion of the articles, helped to select an informational and educative articles for the research.
Exclusion Criteria
The literature that was not related to the subject area of the study were excluded. This included the non-peer-viewed journals, gray literature, reports from the government organization, Royal College of Nursing guidance, websites that helped in self-helping and policies and guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. They were not included because these sources were not considered primary and did not contain the best evidence which was not informative enough for conduction of research. Furthermore, the literature were not published in English and included some literature reviews were outdated and contained information before 2007.
The published articles that were selected for the literature review section were appraised by the Polit and Beck’s (2012) appraisal framework and the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP, 2013). Using the Polit and Beck’s (2012) appraisal framework is the useful tool as it can be used for appraising each and every kind of research, therefore, has a wide use. While using the CASP tool assists in maintaining the trustworthiness in a research paper and checked for the result and the relevance of the literature review.
Glasper and Rees (2013) further debates that critical appraising promoted the relevancy and the meaning to practice by exposing the strengths and weaknesses of a research paper.
The table below depicts the data extraction method.
Database Key words used Successful Results Articles used
SCOPUS ‘Complications' AND ‘Type 2 diabetes.' 23,380 results were yielded.
• Restricted search to ‘Nursing’, ‘2014 to 2015’, ‘Article.'
• Yielded 159 articles
• ‘Review Papers’ were used 4 Relevant articles
CINAHL ‘Type 2 Diabetes’ AND ‘Comorbidities’ AND ‘Nurs*’ • 31 results were yielded.
• Publication dates set between 2007 and 2015 and opted for full text.
• Yielded 8 results 1 relevant article
CINAHL ‘Comorbidities’ AND ‘Type 2 diabetes’ AND ‘Nurs*’ 9 articles obtained after Publication date restricted between ‘2007 and 2015’ and age limit was set on ‘All Adults’ 1 relevant article
CINAHL ‘Managing’ AND ‘Type 2 Diabetes’ AND ‘Preventing comorbidities’ AND ‘Nurs*’ Yielded 12 articles No relevant
CINAHL ‘Type 2 Diabetes’ AND ‘Comorbidities’ 18 results obtained 2 relevant articles
CINAHL ‘Type 2 diabetes mellitus’ AND ‘Nurs*’ AND ‘Comorbidities 8 articles yielded 2 relevant articles
CINAHL ‘Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’ AND ‘Co-morbidities’ 17 articles yielded 1 relevant article
CINAHL ‘Complications of Diabetes’ AND ‘Comorbidities’ 17 articles yielded 2 relevant articles
CINAHL ‘Comorbidities’ AND ‘Diabetes type 2’ 20 results yielded 1 relevant article
CINAHL ‘Diabetes type 2’ AND ‘Challenges’ AND ‘Nurs*’ 6 results yielded 1 relevant article
CINAHL ‘Diabetes type 2’ AND ‘Complications’ AND ‘Nurs*’ 65 results yielded 3 relevant articles were chosen after scrutinizing all title of consequences and understanding abstract of the ones that related to the research.
COCHRANE LIBRARY ‘Managing comorbidities in patients with type 2diabetes mellitus 26 results yielded 1 article relevant
COCHRANE LIBRARY ‘Comorbidities’ in ‘type 2 diabetes mellitus 0 results yielded
COCHRANE LIBRARY ‘Managing Comorbidities in type 2 diabetes mellitus 4 results yielded No relevant articles
COCHRANE LIBRARY ‘Complications in diabetes management’ Yielded 499 results.
• Opted for Cochrane reviews and yielded 38 results. 1 relevant article
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Preventing comorbidities in Diabetes management’ • Yielded 668 results.
• Chosing ‘diabetes ‘ on the related subject section which yielded116 results 2 relevant articles
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Type 2 diabetes and comorbidities’
Yielded 1822 results.
• ‘Journal of Diabetes along with its complications’ selected as Publication title, and this yielded 86 results
1 relevant article
BRITISH NURSING INDEX Managing comorbidities in T2DM’ 24 Results obtained 1 relevant article
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Diabetes and comorbidities’ Yielded 1660 results.
• Lancet and Nurse education in practice, selected as publication title which yielded 21 results No relevant article
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Avoiding comorbidities in managing type 2 diabetes’ 74 articles yielded 2 relevant articles
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Comorbidities in managing type 2 diabetes’ 597 results yielded. 52 articles yielded while using keywords applied in subject area 1 relevant article
BRITISH NURSING INDEX ‘Avoiding comorbidities in diabetes management 203 results yielded Search area very vast
A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON TABLE CONTENT
All searches were limited to the full text, abstract available, reference available and academic journals.
Many primary source articles were researched thoroughly and could easily answer the vital question of- Can the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by the Nurse reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease as comorbidities in adults in the UK'.
For a clear illustration of the given topic the literature that was obtained would could easily for addressing the three generated themes. The themes were as follows:
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‘ The role of the nurse in managing type 2 diabetes,'
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‘the risk of type two diabetic patients developing comorbidities’ and
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‘ can comorbidities be prevented, reduced or avoided through patient empowerment’?
References
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AVEYARD, H. (2010) Doing a literature Review in Health and Social Care. A Practical guide 2nd Edition. England; Open University Press. p. (98).
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BAPORIKAR, N. (2014) Handbook of Research on Higher Education in the ????....
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COURTNEY, M. and MCCUTCHEON, H. (2010) Using Evidence to Guide Nursing Practice. Australia: Churchill Livingston.
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CRITICAL APPRAISAL SKILLS PROGRAMME (CASP, 2013) …???? http://www.casp-uk.net/ [Accessed 07/05/15]….???????
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GLASPER, A. and REES, C. (2013) How to write your Nursing Dissertation. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
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HACK, L.M. and GWYER, J. (2013) Evidence Into Practice: Integrating Judgement, Values and Research. Philadelphia; F.A. Davis Company. Pp.84-86.
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HOLLOWAY, I. and WHEELER, S. (2010) Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare 3rd Ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
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HOUSER, J. (2008) Nursing Research. Reading, Using and Creating Evidence. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett. Burlington,MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
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HOWLETT, B. , ROGO, E. J. and SHELTON, T.G. (2014) Evidence-based practice for Health Professionals: An Interprofessional Approach. ?????
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MASLIN-PROTHERO, S. (2010) Bailliere’s Study Skills for Nurses and Midwives 4th Edition. China: Elsevier.
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NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL (NMC, 2015)?????........... http://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/revised-new-nmc-code.pdf??????
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POLIT, D.F. and BECK, C.T. (2012) Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. China; Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams And Wilkins. p. 115.
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ROYAL COLLEGE OF NURSING (2009).???CN????....https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/388591/003138.pdf
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